From an Antagonistic to a Synergistic Predator Prey Perspective: Bifurcations in Marine Ecosystem

229 Pages·2014·6.814 MB·English

by  Tore Johannessen

FROM AN ANTAGONISTIC TO A
SYNERGISTIC PREDATOR PREY
PERSPECTIVE
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FROM AN
ANTAGONISTIC
TO A SYNERGISTIC
PREDATOR PREY
PERSPECTIVE
Bifurcations in Marine Ecosystems
T J
ORE OHANNESSEN
InstituteofMarineResearch,Norway
UniversityofCapeTown,SouthAfrica
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CoverPhoto:ØysteinPaulsen,InstituteofMarineResearch
Dedication
To AadneSollie
v
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Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
1. Introduction
1.1 Aboutthisbook 1
1.2 UnifyingPrinciplesinEcology—WhereareWe? 2
1.3 RecruitmentVariability 3
1.4 EcosystemBifurcation 4
1.5 Predator-PreySynergism 6
References 8
2. Repeated Incidents of Abrupt and
Persistent Recruitment Failures in Gadoids in
Relation to Increasing Eutrophication, 1919(cid:1)2001
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Methods 14
2.3 Results 18
2.4 Discussion 30
References 35
3. Causes of Variation in Abundance, Growth,
and Mortality in 0-Group Gadoids After Settlement and
a Hypothesis Underlying Recruitment Variability in Atlantic Cod
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Methods 41
3.3 Results 44
3.4 Discussion 53
References 60
4. Growth and Mortality in Settled Atlantic Cod
in Relation to Diet—Evidence for
a Recruitment Mechanism
TOREJOHANNESSEN,INGRIDBERTHINUSSEN,JENS-OTTOKRAKSTAD
ANDANDERSFERNO¨
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Methods 66
vii
viii
CONTENTS
4.3 Results 69
4.4 Discussion 83
4.5 Conclusion 91
References 92
5. Bifurcations in Marine Ecosystems: Concurrent
Recruitment Collapses in Gadoid Fishes and
Changes in the Plankton Community
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Methods 97
5.3 Results 99
5.4 Discussion 104
5.5 Conclusion 112
References 113
6. Predator-Prey Synergism in Plankton
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Methods 120
6.3 Results 121
6.4 Discussion 123
6.5 Conclusion 142
References 143
7. Ecological Implications of Predator-Prey
Synergism in Marine Ecosystems
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 LimnicStudies 150
7.3 TheSeasonalSuccessioninthePlanktonCommunity 152
7.4 ImpactofEutrophicationonSynergisticPlankton 158
7.5 ImpactofPlanktivoresonSynergisticPlankton 161
7.6 ImpactofFishingonSynergisticPlanktonandEnergyFlow 164
7.7 Eutrophication,TemperatureIncrease,Overfishing,
Resilience,andBifurcations 166
7.8 MitigatingNegativeImpactsofGlobalWarming 168
References 170
8. Variability Enhancing and Variability Dampening
Mechanisms in Marine Ecosystems
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Methods 177
8.3 VariabilityinPhytoplankton—ResultsandDiscussion 178
8.4 ImpactofHerbivorousZooplanktononPhytoplanktonVariability 185
8.5 RecruitmentofFishandInvertebrates 187
ix
CONTENTS
8.6 ImpactofPredation,Parasitism,andDiseasesonVariability
inMarineEcosystems 193
8.7 ImpactofFishingonFishRecruitmentandEcosystemVariability 194
8.8 Quasi-StableStatesinMarineEcosystems 196
8.9 ImpactofPelagicProcessesonBenthicCommunities 197
8.10 EvolutionaryImplicationsofPredator-PreySynergism 198
8.11 TheBalanceofNature 200
8.12 Conclusion 201
References 202
Index 207