From Accommodation to Confrontation

307 Pages·2012·4.33 MB·English

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www.aup.nl ISBN 978 90 8964 406 0 r
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From Accommodation to Confrontation
9 789089 644060
A         U          P    
DynamicsofPowerinDutchIntegrationPolitics
SOLIDARITY AND IDENTITY
Inthepastdecadesseverallarge-scalesocial,culturalandeconom-
icdevelopmentshaveoccurred.Processesofeconomicrestructur-
ing (de-industrialization) have brought into existence new cate-
gories of unemployed people; the process of individualization is
manifested in increased individual independence, a growing
senseof personal rights, and– possibly– ina growingopposition
between self-interest and civil virtues; the increased world-wide
mobility of people, commodities, services, money and informa-
tion – globalization – has far-reaching consequences for the way
individualcitizensarelivingandexperiencingtheirlives.Contem-
porary society is characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity.
People’ssocialandculturalidentitieshavebecomemorevaried.
What are the consequences of these developments for the way
people form social bonds and experience mutual solidarity in our
society? Is there any empirical support for the widespread idea
that social solidarity is declining? Which social domains – care,
volunteer work, living together in old city quarters, relations be-
tween family members, neighbors, friends, etcetera – are the
most vulnerable for a potential decay of solidarity? What is the
role of familism and within-group solidarity among immigrant
communities? Which new challenges are brought about by the
multiculturalsocietyintermsofnewformsofculturalexpression,
new(group)identities,newalliances,newinstitutions,newforms
of formal and informal support? These and similar questions are
thethemeoftheseriesSolidarityandIdentity.
editors ofthe series
Prof.J.Burgers,FacultyofSocialSciences,ErasmusUniversity
Rotterdam
Prof.J.C.Rath,InstituteforMigrationandEthnicStudies,
UniversityofAmsterdam
Dynamics of Power in
Dutch Integration
Politics
From Accommodation to Confrontation
Justus Uitermark
Coverdesign:Neon,designandcommunications,Amsterdam
Layout:Japes,Amsterdam
ISBN 9789089644060
e-ISBN 9789048515837(pdf)
e-ISBN 9789048515844(ePub)
NUR 759/754
© Justus Uitermark / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam
2012
Allrightsreserved.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyrightreservedabove,no
partofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsys-
tem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photo-
copying,recordingorotherwise)withoutthewrittenpermissionofboththecopy-
rightownerandtheauthorofthebook.
Table of contents
Acknowledgements 11
PARTI
1 Introduction:Integrationpoliticsandtheenigmaofpower 15
2 Thestruggleforcivilpower 21
Integration:Anationalfascination 21
Discursivestrugglesinthecivilsphere 22
Fieldanalysisandinequalitiesinthecivilsphere 25
Discoursesanddiscursivepower 29
Networks–arelationalconceptionofpower 32
Researchstrategy 33
Discussion:Howtoinvestigateintegrationpolitics? 37
Conclusion 44
PARTII
3 IntroductiontopartII:Civilpowerandtheintegration
debate 47
Positionsandoppositionsintheintegrationdebate 47
Mappingpowerrelations 51
Generaltrendsandspecificquestions 57
4 TheevolutionoftheDutchcivilsphere 61
PillarizationandPragmatism 61
De-pillarizationandthenewsocialmovements 64
Theformationandcontradictionsoftheminoritiespolicy 66
Conclusion 75
5 TheascendancyofCulturalism 77
ApragmatictraditionandtheseedsofCulturalism 77
5
Economicliberalismandculturalprotectionism:Frits
Bolkesteininthe1990s 82
Thecivilizingmissionofprogressiveelites:PaulScheffer’s
“multiculturaldrama”in2000 87
PimFortuynandthespectacularizationofCulturalism 92
AyaanHirsialiandenlightenmentCulturalism 100
ThepowerofCulturalism,1991-2005 105
Culturalism:Experiencesofdominationandsubordination 114
Conclusion:Theexpansionandtransformationof
Culturalism 118
6 ContestingCulturalism:Anti-racism,PragmatismandCivil
Islam 121
AlternativestoCulturalism 121
Anti-racism:Amarginaldiscourse 122
Pragmatism:Aresilientdiscourse 129
CivilIslam:Anemergingdiscourse 138
Conclusion 148
PARTIII
7 IntroductiontopartIII:Civilpowerandgovernance
figurations 155
Mappingpositions,oppositionsandpoweringovernance
relations 157
Acomparativestudyofthepowerofminorityassociations 161
Conclusion 166
8 Theminoritiespolicyandthedominanceoftheradicalleft:
EthniccorporatisminAmsterdaminthe1980s 167
Theformationofethniccorporatism 169
Powerrelationsunderethniccorporatism 173
Thecontradictionsanderosionofethniccorporatism 176
Conclusion 183
9 Diversitymanagementandthegentrificationofcivilsociety:
CivilliberalisminAmsterdaminthe1990s 185
Theformationofcivilliberalism 185
Powerrelationsundercivilliberalism 190
Thecontradictionsanderosionofcivilliberalism 197
Conclusion 198
6
10 Governingthroughislam:CivildifferentialisminAmsterdam
after9/11andtheassassinationofTheovanGogh 201
Theformationofcivildifferentialism 202
Powerrelationsundercivildifferentialism 205
Contradictionsofcivildifferentialism 214
Conclusion 215
11 TheriseofCulturalismandtheresilienceofminority
associations:CivilcorporatisminRotterdam 217
Theformationofcivilcorporatism 217
Powerrelationsundercivilcorporatism 221
Discursivestrugglesduringtheislamdebates 226
Contradictionsofcivilcorporatism 229
Conclusion 231
12 Comparingthepowerofminorityassociationsin
AmsterdamandRotterdam 233
GovernancefigurationsinAmsterdamandRotterdam 233
Constructiverelations 236
Accesstostateresources 239
Organizingconstituents 241
Politicalinfluence 242
Conclusion 243
PARTIV
13 Conclusion:Thedynamicsofpower 247
ThepowerofCulturalism 248
ThegovernanceofintegrationinAmsterdamandRotterdam 253
Theoreticalramifications 256
Epilogue 262
Appendix1:Assigningcodestoarticles 265
Appendix2:Assigningcodestorelationsbetweenactors 271
Notes 273
References 289
7

Tables and figures
Table3.1 Relativeandabsolutesupportforfiveintegration
discoursesinfivedifferentperiods 57
Table5.1 Featuresof,andrelationshipsbetween,thetwo
largest clustersinconsecutiveperiodsofintegration
politics 106
Table6.1 Relativeandabsolutesupportforfiveintegration
discoursesinfivedifferentperiods 123
Table7.1 EthniccompositionofAmsterdamandRotterdamin
2005 164
Table7.2 Highestcompletededucationoflaborforcein
RotterdamandAmsterdamin2003 164
Table7.3 CitoscoresinAmsterdamandRotterdamin2002 164
Table7.4 Unemploymentratesasapercentageofthelabor
forceinAmsterdamandRotterdamin1991and1998 165
Table8.1 MunicipalsubsidiestoTurkishandMoroccan
associationsinAmsterdam,1985-2005 175
Table8.2 SubsidyrequeststoAmsterdam’sDMOin1995,
2000and2005 179
Table9.1 SubsidiesawardedthroughtheMunicipalityof
Amsterdam’s“ReportingPointforGoodIdeas”
in2005 195
Table11.1 StructuralsubsidiesoftheMunicipalityof
Rotterdamtovariouscivilcorporationsin2005 220
Table11.2 RecipientsoftheRotterdamMeesubsidyfundfor
civilinitiatives 222
Table12.1 GovernancefigurationsinAmsterdamand
Rotterdam 234
Table12.2 Beneficiariesoffundsforthepromotionofcivil
initiativesinAmsterdamandRotterdam 240
Table12.3 MembershipofTurksandMoroccansinco-ethnic
andcross-ethniccivilorganizationsinAmsterdam,
participationinRotterdam 242
Table12.4 Turnoutatmunicipalelectionsamongethnic
minoritiesinAmsterdamandRotterdam 243
9