Freud, the Man and the Cause

673 Pages·1980·40.287 MB·English

by  Ronald William Clark

RONALD W CLARl(
F R E U D
THE MAN AND THE CAUSE
Ronald W. Clark
FREUD
The Man and The Cause
A PALADIN BOOK
GRANADA
London Toronto Sydney New York
By the same author
Einstein: The Life and Times
JBS: The Life and Work of J. B. S. Haldane
The Huxleys
Tizard
The Life of Bertrand Russell
The Rise cif the Boffins
The Birth cif the Bomb
The Greatest Power on Earth
Ronald W. Clark's widely-praised biographies include lives of
Einstein, Bertrand Russell, the Huxleys, and J. B. S. Haldane. Born
in 1916, he served as a War Correspondent with the Canadian
Army in the Second World War, landing in Normandy on D-Day
and covering the fighting until theeml of hostilities. He subsequently
reported many of the most famous War Crimes trials. Later he wrote
two well-known works on science and war, The Birth ojt"e Bomb and
The RiJe oj the Boffins. For these, and for his life of Sir Henry Tizard,
he was given access to much hitherto inaccessible material and
interviewed many of the scientists who have worked with the
Services. His latest work on the subject is the recently-published
The Greatest Power on Earth.
His ability to describe scientific work excitingly but accurately is
well exercised in Freud: The Man and the Cause. It uses much pre
viously unknown material and has been described by Stuart Hamp
shire as 'an admirably balanced biography'; by Anthony Storr as
'a notable success'; by R. D. Laing as 'a masterly biography'; and
by Richard Holmes in The Times as making 'the whole story of the
Psychoanalytic movement intensely interesting and exciting'.
Ronald Clark is aI~ a distinguished historian of mountaineering
and has written extensively on the subject during the last 30 years.
He divides his time between London and Wiltshire.
Published by Granada Publishing Limited in IgB2
ISBN 0 586 08395 2
First published in Great Britain by
Jonathan Cape Ltd/Weidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd IgBO
Copyright © E. M. Partners A. G. 1980
Granada Publishing Limited
Frogmore, St Albans, Herts AL2 2NF
and
36 Golden Square, London WIR 4AH
866 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
117 York Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
100 Skyway Avenue, Rexdale. Ontario, MgW 3A6, Canada
61 Beach Road, Auckland, New Zealand
Made and printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press) Ltd,
Bungay, Suffolk
This book is sold subject to the condition that it
shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated
without the publisher's prior consent in any
form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being imposed
on the subsequent purchaser.
Granada ®
Granada Publishing ®
Acknowledgments
My first thanks are to Prince Masud Khan and Mark Paterson,
of Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd.. who have generously al
lowed me to use published and unpublished copyright material
which they control. I am grateful also to Mrs. Pat Marsden, of
Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd., for extensive help in consult
ing the Freud archives over the years.
I also wish to thank the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, which has
enabled me to consult the papers ofthe late ErnestJones as well
as other material. I am e~pecially grateful to Prince Masud Khan.
John Jarrett. Dr. Dennis Duncan and Miss Jill Duncan.
Those whom I wish to thank for permission to use other
copyright material include Mrs. Balint-Edwards (letters of Dr.
Michael Balint); Charles Biederman (letter to ErnestJones); Dr.
Med. M. Bleuler (letters of Dr. Eugen Bleuler); Clark University
(letter from Dr. Stanley Hall); Dr. Helene Deutsch (unpublished
MS of Dr. Felix Deutsch); Mrs. Katherine Jones (letters of Dr.
Ernest Jones.
While the opinions in the book. and responsibility for facts
given, are entirely my own unless the reverse is made clear. I am
most grateful for help and advice from Professor Henri F. Ellen
berger; Dr. Alexander Crinstein; Dr. Paul Kline; Professor Wil
liam A. Koelsch and Miss Suzanne Hamel; Dr. Zigmond M.
Lebensohn; Dr.J. D. W. Pearce; Dr. Charles Rycroft; Professor
Ricl:Jard Slobodin.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Others I wish to thank include the Adirondack Museum, Blue
Mountain Lake (Craig Gilhorn); Vincent Brome; George Ed
inger; the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston
(Richard Wolf); the Jewish National and University Library,
Jerusalem (Dr. M. Nadav); John Rylands University Library of
Manchester (Miss Glenise A. Matheson); Dr. Otakar Kucera; Leo
Baeck Institute, New York; the Library of Congress. Washington
Uohn C. Broderick and Dr. Ronald Wilkinson); National Ar
chives and Records Service. Was~ington (Ronald E. Swerczek);
National Archives and Records Service, Hy.de Park (Donald B.
Schewe); N0vY Jiefn District Archivist, Czechoslovakia; Opava
Chief Archivist, Statnioblastni Archiv v, Czechoslovakia; Profes
sor Paul Roazen; Dr. Helene Schur; Metropolitan Library,
Toronto (Ms. Margery Allen); Rayner Unwin; the Wiener Li
brary; the Weizmann Archives, Rehovot.
R. W. c.
Contents
A FREUDIAN BEGINNING
1. Jewish Boyhood 3
2. Ambitious Youth 20
3. Determined Doctor 49
4. Paris 66
THE MAKING OF A LEADER
5. Early Days in Practice 81
6. Prospecting the Unconscious 100
7. The Birth of Psychoanalysis 114
8. Splendid Isolation: Disaster 140
9. Splendid Isolation: Recovery 164
COMMANDER IN CHIEF
10. Founding the Cause 189
11. Early Skirmishes 226
12. A Sortie to America 256
13. First Defections 280
14. The Break with Jung 316
15. New Fields for Conquest 339
16. Wartime Acceptance 364
CONTENTS
THE FREUDIAN AGE
17. Reaping the Whirlwind 393
18. Reassessing the Unconscious 423-
19. Cancer 439
20. Last Desertions 446
21. Riding the Tiger? 461
22. The Darkening Scene 479
23. An Order for Release 502
24. Into the Promised Land 513
Sources and Bibliography 531
Notes and References 548
Index 619
Illustrations
Freud, about eight years old, photographed with his father.
Martha Bernay's, Freud's future wife, aged twenty-one, in 1882.
Bertha Pappenheim, "Anna 0".
Dr. Ernst Briicke's laboratory in the Physiological Institute, Vienna,
1900•
Schloss Belle Vue, outside Vienna, where Freud interpreted "the
dream of Irma's injection".
Freud with Wilhelm Fliess.
The Freud family at Berggasse about 18g8.
Freud's children playing in the woods near Berchtesgaden, 18gg.
James Putnam's camp in Keene Valley.
The Third International Psycho-Analytical Congress, held' in
Weimar, September Igll.
Freud on the veranda of Berggasse Ig, about 1912.
Freud and Ernest Jones in Iglg.
Freud being photographed by Princess Marie Bonaparte at
Berggasse Ig.
The commander-in-chief at home.
Freud in his study, with one of his dogs.
Freud arriving in Paris with Princess Marie Bonaparte and William
Bullitt.
Freud in the garden of his Hampstead home.
Oskar Pfister.
Lou Andreas-Salome.
Alfred Adler.
Karl Abraham.
Hanns Sachs.
PICTURE CREDITS
The author and publishers would like to thank the following for per
mission to reproduce copyright material in the illustrations:
Adirondack Museum, New York; Basic Books Inc., New York
. (photo by Edmund Engelman); Bildarchiv Preussicher Kul
turbesitz, Berlin; Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin der Uni
versitat Wien; Osterreichischer Nationalbibliothek, Wienj all other
photographs supplied by Sigmund Freud Copyrights.