Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas

345 Pages·2000·10.91 MB·English

by  Hristo D. Hristov

Fresnel Zones in Wireless links,
Zone Plate lenses and Antennas
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Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links,
Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas
Hristo D. Hristov
Artech House
Boston London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hristov, Hristo D.
Fresenel zones in wireless links, zone plate lenses and antennas / Hristo D. Hristov
p. cm. - (Artech House antennas and propagation library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89006-849-6 (alk. paper)
1. Lens antennas. 2. Wireless communication systems. 3. Fresnel lenses. I. Series.
TK7871.67.L45 H56 2000 99-0523 14
621 .382’4-dc21 CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Hristov, Hristo D.
Fresnel zones in wireless links, zone plate lenses and
antennas. - (Artech House antennas and propagation library)
1. Fresenel lenses 2. Light, Wave theory of
1. Title
535.3’24
ISBN 0-89006-849-6
Cover design by Igor Valdman
0 2000 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of
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International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-849-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-0523 14
10 9 8 7 65 4 3 2 1
To the sacred memory o f my mother and father
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
1 Basic Electromagnetic Wave Equations 1
-
1.1 Wave Equations for Time-Harmonic
Fields 1
1.1.1 Wave Equation for Magnetic Vector
Potential
1.1.2 Far-Field Solution to Wave Equation
1.2 Wave Polarization
1.3 Amplitude and Phase Properties of Waves
in Boundless Space 6
1.3.1 Equations for Amplitude and Phase
Constants
1.3.2 Some Data for Ground Media
1.3.3 Basic Radio Link Equations
1.4 Boundary Field Conditions: Reflection
and Transmission 12
1.4.1 Boundary Field Conditions 13
1.4.2 Reflection and Transmission of Plane
Electromagnetic Waves 13
vii
...
Vlll Fresnel Zones in Wireless Links, Zone Plate Lenses and Antennas
1.4.3 Some Special Cases of Reflection and
Transmission 17
1.5 Interference of Electromagnetic Waves 19
1.5.1 Linear Superposition of Electromagnetic
Fields 13
1.5.2 Interference Methods 21
1.6 Matrix Analysis of Plane Wave
Transmission Through Dielectric
Plates 25
1.6.1 Analogy Between Dielectric Media and
Transmission Lines 25
1.6.2 Transmission Through Multilayer
Dielectric Plates 27
References 31
Appendix 1A: Antenna Polarization
Parameters 32
2 Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Theory 35
2.1 Huygens’ Principle 35
2.2 Fresnel Zones 37
2.2.1 Fresnel Formulation of Huygens’ Principle 38
2.2.2 Fresnel Zone Construction 40
2.2.3 Field Determination by Means of Fresnel
Zone Construction 45
2.2.4 Particular Cases of Fresnel Zone
Obstruction 48
2.2.5 Focusing Properties of Simple Fresnel
Zone Lens-like Diffractors: Multizone
Lenses of Soret and Wood 50
2.3 Scalar Kirchhoff s Diffraction Theory 54
2.3.1 Scalar Form of the Kirchhoff Diffraction
Integral 54
2.3.2 Diffraction by Aperture in Infinite Plane
Screen 58
2.3.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction by Circular
Aperture 62
Contents ix
2.4 Fresnel Diffraction 64
2.4.1 Dimensionless Variables 65
2.4.2 Diffraction by Rectangular Aperture 66
2.4.3 Fresnel Cosine and Sine Integrals 67
2.4.4 Particular Cases of Diffraction by
Rectangular Aperture 69
2.4.5 Fresnel Diffraction by Apertures of
Circular Symmetry 72
2.4.6 Fresnel Diffraction by Obstacles 78
2.5 Vectorial Kirchhoff Diffraction Theory 80
References 82
Selected Bibliography 83
Appendix 2A: Elementary Surface or
Huygens’ Source 83
3 Fresnel Zones Applied to Radio
Communication links 87
3.1 Fresnel Zones and Radio Wave
Propagation 87
3.1.1 Ground-Wave Propagation Paths 88
3.1.2 Fresnel Zone Regions Important to Free-
Space Propagation 89
3.1.3 Fresnel Zones in Case of Reflection 90
3.1.4 Line-of-Sight Interference Schemes for
Radio Wave Propagation Over
Smooth Earth 97
3.1.5 Radio Wave Propagation Over Hilly
Terrain 104
3.2 Fresnel Zone Diffractors in Radio Relay
Links 118
3.2.1 Metal Ring as Antenna Director 119
3.2.2 Dielectric Ring as Antenna Director 126
3.2.3 Ring Segment Diffractor as Passive Radio
Wave Repeater 129
References 136