Table Of ContentFRESHWATER CRAYFISH
A Global Overview
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
FRESHWATER CRAYFISH
A Global Overview
Editors
Tadashi Kawai
Fisheries Research Department
Wakkanai Fisheries Research Institute
Hokkaido
Japan
Zen Faulkes
The University of Texas-Plan American
Edinburg TX
USA
Gerhard Scholtz
Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin
Institut fur Biologie/Vergleichende
Berlin
Germany
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
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Preface
With more than 500 species and a worldwide distribution (thanks in part to human
introductions) freshwater crayfi sh or Astacida are an evolutionarily very successful
decapod group. Since astacids are an excellent food source and show a very characteristic
appearance, there is a longstanding cultural history of freshwater crayfi sh refl ected
by numerous depictions, recipes, proverbs and tales. In addition to fi sheries of wild
freshwater crayfi sh, a number of species were developed as aquaculture resources in
many regions, especially in the USA and China. There are large fi sheries for the red
swamp crayfi sh, Procambarus clarkii, which are distributed to markets globally. This
species is also easily reared and bred in small aquariums, so it has often been used
in teaching exercises, ranging from elementary schools to undergraduate laboratories
in universities. A more recent development is the culture of freshwater crayfi sh as
ornamental organisms in home aquariums. This is due to their often colorful bodies
and unusual shapes. In particular, North American, Asian and European aquarists are
fascinated by their marvelous body features, such as claws and armor, and huge aquarium
trade markets have been established.
Despite the abundance and global spread of a few species, many freshwater crayfi sh
species are extremely endangered. If their environmental circumstances change for the
worse, it is diffi cult for crayfi sh to escape to other water systems, often resulting in the
decline or extinction of populations. Crayfi sh are the largest mobile invertebrates in
freshwater ecosystems, and often they take the role of ‘keystone species’ in ecological
systems and act as ‘umbrella species’ for small ectosymbionts on their bodies. If
crayfi sh numbers decline in their natural habitats, a cascade of other great losses for
ecological systems is caused, for regional environments and species diversity. Freshwater
ecosystems have always been deeply affected by human activities, such as damming
of rivers or stocking fi sh for recreational fi shing, and these can cause extinction of
regional crayfi sh populations and create new endangered species. Other human activities
affecting crayfi sh include illegal introduction of alien species, over exploitation of
crayfi sh populations and urbanization, among others. However, over the past years,
several new fi ndings and research techniques that could aid in the conservation of many
endangered crayfi sh species have been developed.
Nevertheless, just over 10 years ago, a new potential threat, a parthenogenetic
crayfi sh known as Marmorkrebs or marble crayfi sh, was discovered in the German
aquarium trade. Marble crayfi sh are spreading in Africa and Europe, and a few
individuals have been discovered in rivers in Asia. Due to its reproduction mode a single
female is able to generate a new population of this destructive non-native crayfi sh,
making this a worrying animal from a conservation standpoint. There is an urgent need
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Freshwater Crayfi sh
to alert individuals, agencies and governments of this new threat to the conservation
of native freshwater ecosystems around the globe, including diverse native crayfi shes.
This book introduces the most recent information about crayfi sh biology, with
special reference to the potential of marble crayfi sh to be both a threat to conservation,
and a potential model aquatic organism for aquatic and laboratory research. This volume
also presents new research techniques, discusses the global diversity of crayfi sh, and
the likely conservation status of freshwater crayfi sh for the next 10 years into the future
and beyond. All for crayfi sh!
Tadashi Kawai
Zen Faulkes
Gerhard Scholtz
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface v
Section 1: Marbled Crayfi sh—A New Model Organism for Biology
1. GENERAL BIOLOGY—Happy Birthday! The First Decade of 3
Marmorkrebs Research—Results and Perspectives
Gerhard Scholtz
2. Predicting the Distribution of Crayfi sh Species: A Case Study 13
Using Marble Crayfi sh
Teresa Patricia Feria and Zen Faulkes
3. Marble Crayfi sh as A New Model Organism and A New 31
Threat to Native Crayfi sh Conservation
Zen Faulkes
4. A Preliminary Study on the Tolerance of Marble Crayfi sh 54
Procambarus fallax f. virginalis to Low Temperature in Nordic Climate
Katrin Kaldre, Anton Meženin, Tiit Paaver and Tadashi Kawai
5. Reproductive Biology: Parthenogenesis: Mechanisms, Evolution, 63
and its Relevance to the Role of Marbled Crayfi sh as Model
Organism and Potential Invader
Peer Martin
6. Aquarium: Marbled Crayfi sh Gaining Ground in Europe: the 83
Role of the Pet Trade as Invasion Pathway
Christoph Chucholl
7. Cell Biology Research on Stem Cells, Aging, Cancer Resistance, 115
and Epigenetics in Marbled Crayfi sh and Relatives: Potential
Benefi ts for Human Biology and Medicine
Günter Vogt
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Freshwater Crayfi sh
Section 2: Crayfi sh: New Developments
8. Aquaculture: Developing Markets for a New Product: 161
Aquacultured Redclaw in Mexico
Antonio Garza de Yta
9. The Biology of Crayfi sh Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci: 182
Current Answers to Most Frequent Questions
Svetlana Rezinciuc, Jose V. Sandoval-Sierra, Birgit Oidtmann and
Javier Diéguez-Uribeondo
10. A Review of Current Techniques for Sampling Freshwater 205
Crayfi sh
Stephanie Parkyn
11. Behavior: Behavioral Ecology of Crayfi sh: Its Contribution to 221
Conservation and Management
Elena Tricarico
12. Chaos and Adaptation in the Pathogen-Host Relationship in 246
Relation to the Conservation: The Case of the Crayfi sh Plague
and the Noble Crayfi sh
Japo Jussila, Ivana Maguire, Harri Kokko and Jenny Makkonen
13. Crayfi sh as Tools of Water Quality Monitoring 275
Pavel Kozák and Iryna Kuklina
14. Phylogenetic Estimate of the Freshwater Crayfi sh 298
(Decapoda: Astacidea) using Morphology and Molecules
David Stern and Keith A. Crandall
Section 3: Global Overview of Freshwater Crayfi sh Biology
15. Asia 313
Tadashi Kawai, Gi-Sik Min, Evgeny Barabanshchikov,
Vjacheslav Labay and Hyun Sook Ko
16. The Crayfi sh Fauna of Canada and the United States in 369
North America
Roger Thoma
17. Historical Biogeography of Pacifastacus Crayfi shes and their 404
Branchiobdellidan and Entocytherid Ectosymbionts in Western
North America
Eric R. Larson and Bronwyn W. Williams
18. The Crayfi sh of Middle America 448
Fernando Alvarez and José Luis Villalobos
19. The Native South American Crayfi sh (Decapoda: Parastacidae) 464
Erich Harry Rudolph and Mauricio Pereira Almerão
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
20. Oceania: The Freshwater Crayfi sh of the Oceania Region 485
James M. Furse, Quinton F. Burnham, Kathryn L. Dawkins and
Alastair M.M. Richardson
21. Crayfi sh of Africa 583
Christopher B. Boyko
22. Crayfi sh in Europe: Biogeography, Ecology and Conservation 594
Leopold Füreder
23. Global Overview of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) 628
Stuart R. Gelder and Bronwyn W. Williams
Index 655
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
