Freshwater Algae: Identification, Enumeration and Use as Bioindicators

292 Pages·2015·51.71 MB·English

by  Edward G. Bellinger

FRESHWATER
ALGAE
Identification, Enumeration
and Use as Bioindicators
Edward G. Bellinger
David C. Sigee
SECOND EDITION
JWST514-fm JWST514-Bellinger Printer:YettoCome November22,2014 6:56 246mm×189mm
ii
JWST514-fm JWST514-Bellinger Printer:YettoCome November22,2014 6:56 246mm×189mm
Freshwater Algae
i

Freshwater Algae
Identification, Enumeration and Use as Bioindicators
Second Edition
Edward G. Bellinger
DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciencesandPolicy,
CentralEuropeanUniversity,Hungary
and
David C. Sigee
SchoolofEarth,AtmosphericandEnvironmentalSciences,
UniversityofManchester,UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2015©2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe
copyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
TherightoftheauthorstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct
1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproductnamesused
inthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot
associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthor(s)haveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,they
makenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaim
anyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnot
engagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.If
professionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Bellinger,EdwardG.,author.
Freshwateralgae:identification,enumerationanduseasbioindicators/EdwardG.BellingerandDavidC.Sigee.–2e.
pagescm
Includesindex.
ISBN978-1-118-91716-9(hardback)
1.Freshwateralgae. 2.Indicators(Biology) 3.Environmentalmonitoring. I.Sigee,DavidC.,author. II.Title.
QK570.25.B452015
579.8′176–dc23
2014031375
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronic
books.
Coverimage:DavidSigee
CoverdesignbySoephianZainal
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
2 2015
Contents
PrefacetotheFirstEdition ix
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 IntroductiontoFreshwaterAlgae 1
1.1 Generalintroduction 1
1.1.1 Algae–anoverview 1
1.1.2 Algaeasprimaryproducers 2
1.1.3 Freshwaterenvironments 2
1.1.4 Planktonicandbenthicalgae 2
1.1.5 Sizeandshape 4
1.2 Taxonomicvariation–themajorgroupsofalgae 5
1.2.1 Microscopicalappearance 8
1.2.2 Biochemistryandcellstructure 8
1.2.3 Molecularcharacterisationandidentification 10
1.3 Blue-greenalgae 13
1.3.1 Cytology 13
1.3.2 Morphologicalandtaxonomicdiversity 14
1.3.3 Ecology 15
1.3.4 Blue-greenalgaeasbioindicators 16
1.4 Greenalgae 17
1.4.1 Cytology 18
1.4.2 Morphologicaldiversity 18
1.4.3 Ecology 19
1.4.4 Greenalgaeasbioindicators 22
1.5 Euglenoids 22
1.5.1 Cytology 23
1.5.2 Morphologicaldiversity 23
1.5.3 Ecology 24
1.5.4 Euglenoidsasbioindicators 24
1.6 Yellow-greenalgae 24
1.6.1 Cytology 24
1.6.2 Morphologicaldiversity 25
1.6.3 Ecology 25
1.6.4 Yellow-greenalgaeasbioindicators 26
vi CONTENTS
1.7 Dinoflagellates 26
1.7.1 Cytology 26
1.7.2 Morphologicaldiversity 28
1.7.3 Ecology 28
1.8 Cryptomonads 29
1.8.1 Cytology 29
1.8.2 Comparisonwitheuglenoidalgae 30
1.8.3 Biodiversity 31
1.8.4 Ecology 31
1.8.5 Cryptomonadsasbioindicators 32
1.9 Chrysophytes 32
1.9.1 Cytology 32
1.9.2 Morphologicaldiversity 32
1.9.3 Ecology 32
1.9.4 Chrysophytesasbioindicators 33
1.10 Diatoms 34
1.10.1 Cytology 35
1.10.2 Morphologicaldiversity 38
1.10.3 Ecology 40
1.10.4 Diatomsasbioindicators 41
1.11 Redalgae 41
1.12 Brownalgae 42
2 Sampling,BiomassEstimationandCountsofFreshwaterAlgae 43
A. PLANKTONICALGAE 43
2.1 Protocolforcollection 43
2.1.1 Standingwaterphytoplankton 44
2.1.2 Riverphytoplankton 47
2.2 Modeofcollection 48
2.2.1 Phytoplanktontrawlnet 48
2.2.2 Volumesamplers 50
2.2.3 Integratedsampling 51
2.2.4 Sedimenttraps 52
2.3 Phytoplanktonbiomass 53
2.3.1 Turbidity 53
2.3.2 Dryweightandash-freedryweight 54
2.3.3 Pigmentconcentrations 55
2.4 Flowcytometry:automatedanalysisofphytoplanktonpopulations 60
2.5 Biodiversityofmixed-speciespopulations:microscopecountsandbiovolumes 63
2.5.1 Samplepreservationandprocessing 63
2.5.2 Chemicalcleaningofdiatoms 64
2.5.3 Speciescounts 65
2.5.4 Conversionofspeciescountstobiovolumes 72
2.5.5 Indicesofbiodiversity 77
2.6 Biodiversitywithinsingle-speciespopulations 78
2.6.1 Molecularanalysis 78
2.6.2 Analyticalmicroscopicaltechniques 79
CONTENTS vii
B. NON-PLANKTONICALGAE 83
2.7 Deep-waterbenthicalgae 84
2.7.1 Benthic-pelagiccoupling 84
2.7.2 Benthicalgaeandsedimentstability 85
2.7.3 Invertebrategrazingofbenthicalgae 86
2.8 Shallow-watercommunities 86
2.8.1 Substrate 86
2.8.2 Algalcommunities 89
2.9 Algalbiofilms 90
2.9.1 Mucilaginousbiofilms 91
2.9.2 Biomass 91
2.9.3 Taxonomiccomposition 92
2.9.4 Matrixstructure 94
2.10 Periphyton–algalmats 95
2.10.1 Inorganicsubstratum 95
2.10.2 Plantsurfaces 95
3 AlgaeasBioindicators 101
3.1 Bioindicatorsandwaterquality 101
3.1.1 Biomarkersandbioindicators 101
3.1.2 Characteristicsofbioindicators 102
3.1.3 Biologicalmonitoringversuschemicalmeasurements 103
3.1.4 Monitoringwaterquality:objectives 104
3.2 Lakes 107
3.2.1 Contemporaryplanktonicandattachedalgaeasbioindicators 107
3.2.2 Fossilalgaeasbioindicators:lakesedimentanalysis 108
3.2.3 Waterqualityparameters:inorganicandorganicnutrients,acidityand
heavymetals 111
3.3 Wetlands 121
3.3.1 Marshes 121
3.3.2 Peatlands 123
3.4 Rivers 123
3.4.1 Theperiphytoncommunity 123
3.4.2 Riverdiatoms 123
3.4.3 Evaluationofthediatomcommunity 124
3.4.4 Humanimpactsanddiatomindices 126
3.4.5 Calculationofdiatomindices 128
3.4.6 Practicalapplicationsofdiatomindices 130
3.4.7 Nitrogen-fixingblue-greenalgae 135
3.5 Estuaries 135
3.5.1 Ecosystemcomplexity 136
3.5.2 Algaeasestuarinebioindicators 137
4 AKeytotheMoreFrequentlyOccurringFreshwaterAlgae 141
4.1 Introductiontothekey 141
4.1.1 Usingthekey 141
4.1.2 Morphologicalgroupings 142
viii CONTENTS
4.2 Keytothemaingeneraandspecies 142
4.3 Listofalgaeincludedandtheiroccurrenceinthekey 249
4.4 Algalidentification:bibliography 251
Glossary 253
References 259
Index 269