Frequency Synthesizers: From Concept to Product (Artech House Microwave Library)

235 Pages·2010·1.6 MB·English

by  Alexander Chenakin

Frequency Synthesizers
Concept to Product
For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Frequency Synthesizers
Concept to Product
Alexander Chenakin
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by Vicki Kane
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-230-2
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To my family

Contents
Preface xiii
1 Parameters and Architectures 1
1.1 Frequency Synthesizer Concept 1
1.2 Main Parameters 3
1.2.1 Frequency and Timing 3
1.2.2 Spectral Purity 5
1.2.3 RF Output Power 12
1.2.4 Other Parameters 14
1.3 Form Factors and Applications 14
1.4 Control Interfaces 16
1.4.1 Parallel Interface 16
1.4.2 SPI 17
1.4.3 I2C 20
1.4.4 RS-232 20
1.4.5 USB 20
1.4.6 GPIB 21
1.4.7 VXI 21
1.4.8 PXI 22
1.4.9 LXI 23
vii
viii Frequency Synthesizers: Concept to Product
1.4.10 AXIe 24
1.5 Main Architectures 24
1.5.1 Direct Analog Synthesizers 25
1.5.2 Direct Digital Synthesizers 31
1.5.3 Indirect Synthesizers 35
References 38
2 Building Blocks 41
2.1 Oscillators 41
2.1.1 Phase Noise in Microwave Oscillators 42
2.1.2 Resonators 45
2.1.3 Coupling 53
2.1.4 Active Devices 53
2.1.5 Noise Reduction Techniques 54
2.2 Frequency Multipliers 58
2.2.1 Frequency Multiplication 58
2.2.2 Single-Diode Multipliers 59
2.2.3 Balanced Diode Multipliers 60
2.2.4 Antiparallel Diode Multiplier 62
2.2.5 Digital Logic Multipliers 62
2.2.6 Step-Recovery-Diode Multipliers 63
2.2.7 Varactor Multipliers 64
2.2.8 Transistor Multipliers 64
2.3 Frequency Dividers 64
2.3.1 Digital Dividers 65
2.3.2 Analog Dividers 69
2.4 Frequency Mixers 69
2.4.1 Frequency Mixing 70
2.4.2 Harmonic Mixers 71
2.4.3 Image-Reject Mixers 72
2.4.4 IQ-Modulators 73
2.5 Phase Detectors 74
2.5.1 Balanced Mixer 74
2.5.2 Sampling Mixer 75
2.5.3 Exclusive-OR Gate 75
2.5.4 Flip-Flop 76
2.5.5 Phase-Frequency Detector 76
Contents ix
2.5.6 Integrated PLL Components 79
References 82
3 Synthesizer Construction 87
3.1 Transmission Lines and Distributed Elements 87
3.1.1 Transmission Line Basics 87
3.1.2 Transmission Line Types 89
3.1.3 Microwave Materials 92
3.1.4 Discontinuity Effects 95
3.1.5 Coupling 95
3.1.6 Distributed and Lumped Elements 96
3.2 Chip-and-Wire Approach 97
3.3 Printed Circuit Board 98
3.4 Packaging 101
3.4.1 Electrical Interface 101
3.4.2 Environmental Protection 103
3.4.3 Shielding 103
3.4.4 Mounting and Heat Sinking 106
References 107
4 Design Process 109
4.1 Specifications 109
4.2 Block Diagram 110
4.3 Schematic 116
4.4 Board Layout 133
4.5 Assembly 134
4.6 Mechanical Design 135
4.7 Control Software 136
4.8 Troubleshooting 138
4.9 Testing 141