Free Space Optical Systems Engineering. Design and Analysis (Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics)

520 Pages·2017·16.32 MB·English

by  Larry B. Stotts

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FREE SPACE OPTICAL
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
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WILEYSERIESINPUREANDAPPLIEDOPTICS
The Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics publishes authoritative treatments of
foundational areas central to optics as well as research monographs in hot-topic
emerging technology areas. Existing volumes in the series are such well known
books as Gaskill’s Linear Systems, Fourier Transforms, and Optics, Goodman’s
StatisticalOptic,andSaleh&Teich’sFundamentalsofOptics,amongothers.
Acompletelistoftitlesinthisseriesappearsattheendofthevolume.
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FREE SPACE OPTICAL
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Design and Analysis
LARRYB.STOTTS
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Copyright©2017byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Stotts,LarryB.,author.
Title:Freespaceopticalsystemsengineering:designandanalysis/LarryB.Stotts.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,[2017]|Series:
Wileyseriesinpureandappliedoptics|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016043633(print)|LCCN2016053936(ebook)|ISBN
9781119279020(cloth)|ISBN9781119279037(pdf)|ISBN9781119279044
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Opticalengineering.|Opticalcommunications.
Classification:LCCTA1520.S762017(print)|LCCTA1520(ebook)|DDC
621.36–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/20160436330
CoverImageCredit:Courtesyoftheauthor
CoverDesign:Wiley
Setin10/12pt,TimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
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CONTENTS
Preface xii
(cid:2) AbouttheCompanionWebsite xvi (cid:2)
1 MathematicalPreliminaries 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 LinearAlgebra 1
1.2.1 MatricesandVectors 2
1.2.2 LinearOperations 2
1.2.3 Traces,Determinants,andInverses 3
1.2.4 InnerProducts,Norms,andOrthogonality 7
1.2.5 Eigenvalues,Eigenvectors,andRank 8
1.2.6 QuadraticFormsandPositiveDefiniteMatrices 8
1.2.7 Gradients,Jacobians,andHessians 8
1.3 FourierSeries 9
1.3.1 RealFourierSeries 9
1.3.2 ComplexFourierSeries 10
1.3.3 EffectsofFiniteFourierSeriesUse 11
1.3.4 SomeUsefulPropertiesofFourierSeries 14
1.4 FourierTransforms 15
1.4.1 SomeGeneralProperties 15
1.5 DiracDeltaFunction 20
1.6 ProbabilityTheory 21
1.6.1 AxiomsofProbability 21
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vi CONTENTS
1.6.2 ConditionalProbabilities 23
1.6.3 ProbabilityandCumulativeDensityFunctions 25
1.6.4 ProbabilityMassFunction 27
1.6.5 ExpectationandMomentsofaScalarRandomVariable 28
1.6.6 JointPDFandCDFofTwoRandomVariables 29
1.6.7 IndependentRandomVariables 29
1.6.8 Vector-ValuedRandomVariables 30
1.6.9 GaussianRandomVariables 31
1.6.10 QuadraticandQuarticForms 33
1.6.11 Chi-SquaredDistributedRandomVariable 34
1.6.12 BinomialDistribution 35
1.6.13 PoissonDistribution 37
1.6.14 RandomProcesses 38
1.7 Decibels 40
1.8 Problems 42
References 48
2 FourierOpticsBasics 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 TheMaxwellEquations 52
2.3 TheRayleigh–Sommerfeld–DebyeTheoryofDiffraction 55
(cid:2) 2.4 TheHuygens–Fresnel–KirchhoffTheoryofDiffraction 59 (cid:2)
2.5 FraunhoferDiffraction 68
2.6 BringingFraunhoferDiffractionintotheNearField 76
2.7 ImperfectImaging 82
2.8 TheRayleighResolutionCriterion 84
2.9 TheSamplingTheorem 85
2.10 Problems 89
References 93
3 GeometricalOptics 95
3.1 Introduction 95
3.2 TheFoundationsofGeometricalOptics – EikonalEquation
andFermatPrinciple 96
3.3 RefractionandReflectionofLightRays 98
3.4 GeometricalOpticsNomenclature 101
3.5 ImagingSystemDesignBasics 103
3.6 OpticalInvariant 109
3.7 AnotherViewofLensTheory 111
3.8 AperturesandFieldStops 113
3.8.1 ApertureStop 113
3.8.2 EntranceandExitPupils 114
3.8.3 FieldStopandChiefandMarginalRays 115
3.8.4 EntranceandExitWindows 117
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3.8.5 Baffles 119
3.9 Problems 119
References 121
4 Radiometry 123
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 BasicGeometricalDefinitions 124
4.3 RadiometricParameters 127
4.3.1 RadiantFlux(RadiantPower) 129
4.3.2 RadiantIntensity 130
4.3.3 Radiance 130
4.3.4 Étendue 132
4.3.5 RadiantFluxDensity(IrradianceandRadiantExitance) 135
4.3.6 BidirectionalReflectanceDistributionFunction 135
4.3.7 DirectionalHemisphericReflectance 136
4.3.8 SpecularSurfaces 136
4.4 LambertianSurfacesandAlbedo 137
4.5 SpectralRadiantEmittanceandPower 138
4.6 IrradiancefromaLambertianSource 139
4.7 TheRadiometryofImages 143
4.8 BlackbodyRadiationSources 145
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References 151
5 CharacterizingOpticalImagingPerformance 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 LinearityandSpaceVarianceoftheOpticalSystem
orOpticalChannel 154
5.3 SpatialFilterTheoryofImageFormation 156
5.4 LinearFilterTheoryofIncoherentImageFormation 160
5.5 TheModulationTransferFunction 162
5.6 TheDuffieuxFormula 167
5.7 ObscuredApertureOTF 174
5.7.1 Aberrations 179
5.8 High-OrderAberrationEffectsCharacterization 184
5.9 TheStrehlRatio 191
5.10 MultipleSystemsTransferFunction 193
5.11 LinearSystemsSummary 195
References 198
6 PartialCoherenceTheory 201
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 RadiationFluctuation 202
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6.3 InterferenceandTemporalCoherence 205
6.4 InterferenceandSpatialCoherence 214
6.5 CoherentLightPropagatingThroughaSimpleLensSystem 219
6.6 PartiallyCoherentImagingThroughanyOpticalSystem 231
6.7 VanCittert–ZernikeTheorem 233
6.8 Problems 235
References 237
7 OpticalChannelEffects 239
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 EssentialConceptsinRadiativeTransfer 239
7.3 TheRadiativeTransferEquation 245
7.4 MutualCoherenceFunctionforanAerosolAtmosphere 251
7.5 MutualCoherenceFunctionforaMolecularAtmosphere 255
7.6 MutualCoherenceFunctionforanInhomogeneousTurbulent
Atmosphere 256
7.7 LaserBeamPropagationintheTotalAtmosphere 262
7.8 KeyParametersforAnalyzingLightPropagationThrough
GradientTurbulence 272
7.9 TwoRefractiveIndexStructureParameterModelsforthe
Earth’sAtmosphere 278
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OceanandClouds 282
7.11 Problems 294
References 295
8 OpticalReceivers 299
8.1 Introduction 299
8.2 OpticalDetectors 300
8.2.1 PerformanceCriteria 300
8.2.2 ThermalDetectors 302
8.2.3 PhotoemissiveDetectors 302
8.2.4 SemiconductorPhotodetectors 305
8.2.4.1 PhotodiodeDeviceOverview 306
8.2.4.2 PhotodiodePhysics 308
8.2.4.3 TheDiodeLaws 318
8.2.4.4 JunctionPhotodiodes 319
8.2.4.5 PhotodiodeResponseTime 323
8.2.5 PhotodiodeArrayandCharge-CoupledDevices 325
8.3 NoiseMechanismsinOpticalReceivers 325
8.3.1 ShotNoise 326
8.3.1.1 QuantumShotNoise 327
8.3.1.2 DarkCurrentShotNoise 330
8.3.2 Erbium-DopedFiberAmplifier(EDFA)Noise 330
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CONTENTS ix
8.3.3 RelativeIntensityNoise 331
8.3.4 MoreConventionalNoiseSources 333
8.3.4.1 ThermalNoise 334
8.3.4.2 FlickerNoise 334
8.3.4.3 CurrentNoise 334
8.3.4.4 PhaseNoise 335
8.4 PerformanceMeasures 335
8.4.1 Signal-to-NoiseRatio 336
8.4.2 TheOpticalSignal-to-NoiseRatio 338
8.4.3 TheManyFacesoftheSignal-to-NoiseRatio 345
8.4.4 NoiseEquivalentPowerandMinimum
DetectablePower 346
8.4.5 ReceiverSensitivity 347
8.5 Problems 350
References 353
9 SignalDetectionandEstimationTheory 355
9.1 Introduction 355
9.2 ClassicalStatisticalDetectionTheory 356
9.2.1 TheBayesCriterion 358
9.2.2 TheMinimaxCriterion 360
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9.3 TestingofSimpleHypothesesUsingMultiple
Measurements 365
9.4 ConstantFalseAlarmRate(CFAR)Detection 374
9.5 OpticalCommunications 375
9.5.1 ReceiverSensitivityforSystemNoise-Limited
Communications 375
9.5.2 ReceiverSensitivityforQuantum-Limited
Communications 381
9.6 LaserRadar(LADAR)andLIDAR 389
9.6.1 Background 389
9.6.2 CoherentLaserRadar 392
9.6.2.1 CoherentLaserRadarProbability
ofFalseAlarm 395
9.6.2.2 CoherentLaserRadarProbability
ofDetection 397
9.6.3 ContinuousDirectDetectionIntensityStatistics 398
9.6.3.1 ContinuousDirectDetectionProbability
ofFalseAlarm 399
9.6.3.2 ContinuousDirectDetectionProbability
ofDetectionforaDiffuseTarget 399
9.6.3.3 ContinuousDirectDetectionProbability
ofDetectionforaGlintTarget 401
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9.6.4 Photon-CountingDirectDetectionIntensityStatistics 401
9.6.4.1 Photon-CountingDirectDetectionProbability
ofFalseAlarm 402
9.6.4.2 Photon-CountingDirectDetectionProbability
ofDetection-DiffuseTarget 403
9.6.4.3 Photon-CountingDirectDetectionProbability
ofDetection-GlintTarget 404
9.6.5 LIDAR 404
9.7 ResolvedTargetDetectioninCorrelatedBackgroundClutterand
CommonSystemNoise 408
9.8 ZeroContrastTargetDetectioninBackgroundClutter 415
9.9 MultispectralSignal-Plus-Noise/Noise-OnlyTarget
DetectioninClutter 416
9.10 ResolvedTargetDetectioninCorrelatedDual-Band
MultispectralImageSets 427
9.11 ImageWhitener 434
9.11.1 OrthogonalSets 434
9.11.2 Gram–SchmidtOrthogonalizationTheory 435
9.11.3 PrewhiteningFilterUsingtheGram–SchmidtProcess 436
9.12 Problems 437
References 440
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10 LaserSources 443
10.1 Introduction 443
10.2 SpontaneousandStimulatedEmissionProcesses 444
10.2.1 TheTwo-LevelSystem 444
10.2.2 TheThree-LevelSystem 451
10.2.3 TheFour-LevelSystem 453
10.3 LaserPumping 454
10.3.1 LaserPumpingwithoutAmplifierRadiation 454
10.3.2 LaserPumpingwithAmplifierRadiation 455
10.4 LaserGainandPhase-ShiftCoefficients 456
10.5 LaserCavityGainsandLosses 463
10.6 OpticalResonators 466
10.6.1 PlanarMirrorResonators – LongitudinalModes 466
10.6.2 PlanarMirrorResonators – TransverseModes 471
10.7 TheABCDMatrixandResonatorStability 474
10.8 StabilityofaTwo-MirrorResonator 477
10.9 Problems 479
References 482
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