Table Of ContentFree Radicals, Oxidative Stress,
and Antioxidants
Pathological and Physiological Significance
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Series A: Life Sciences
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress,
and Antioxidants
Pathological and Physiological Significance
Edited by
Tomris Ozben
Akdeniz University
Antalya, Turkey
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Pathological and
Physiological Significance,
held May 24-June 4, 1997,
in Antalya, Turkey
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On tile
ISBN 978-1-4419-3292-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-2907-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2907-8
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Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998
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PREFACE
There has been an explosion of research related to free radicals and antioxidants in
recent years, and hundreds of laboratories worldwide are actively involved in many as
pects of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants. The literature on these topics in
creases exponentially every year. Over the last few years, we have been fortunate to
witness a widespread recognition of the important role of free radicals in a wide variety of
pathological conditions including diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and
neurological diseases, ischemia, emphysema, diabetes, radiation injury, cancer, etc. In ad
dition, many laboratories are studying the role of free radicals in the inexorable process of
aging. Increased evidence involves free radicals with the etiology of various diseases,
thereby suggesting the use of antioxidants as a viable therapeutic approach for the treat
ment of free radical mediated pathologies.
Despite these impressive developments, many important aspects of free radical and
antioxidant research are open for investigation. It is important to understand the overall
mechanisms involved in free radical mediated physiological and pathological conditions.
This knowledge will undoubtedly lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches
to prevent or control free radical related diseases.
This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on
"Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Pathological and Physiological Sig
nificance," which was held in Antalya, Turkey from May 24-June 4, 1997. The scientific
program of the ASI was multidisciplinary and included a wide range of issues such as ba
sic concepts, methods, and techniques used in this area and the role of free radicals and
antioxidants in various disease states. The present state of knowledge and future trends in
free radicals and antioxidant research were presented in depth by lecturers of international
standing. The presentation and discussions of the meeting provided the opportunity for in
vestigators from many different areas of basic science and medicine to meet, exchange
ideas, information, and techniques, and evaluate the present state and future directions in
the field of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants.
I would like to thank all those who made it possible to organize this meeting. I
would like to thank the organizing committee members who had provided invaluable help
in the organization of this meeting for which I am grateful. I would like to thank all the
speakers who responded to our invitations without hesitation. I thank also all the partici
pants for their enthusiastic participation and their complimentary comments on the success
of the Institute. Special thanks are due to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for pro
viding a major portion of the grants for the organization of the meeting and also for publi-
v
vi Preface
cation of this book. The contributions of FEBS and UNESCO that were used to support
the participation of many young scientists are gratefully acknowledged.
This book presents the contents of the lectures and a selection of the most relevant
oral presentations. These proceedings offer a comprehensive account of the most impor
tant topics discussed at the Institute. This book is intended to make the proceedings acces
sible to a large audience.
CONTENTS
MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN FREE RADICAL REACTIONS
1. Iron in Free Radical Reactions and Antioxidant Protection ................. .
John M. C. Gutteridge
2. Non-Chelation Dependent Redox Actions ofDesferrioxamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ben-Zhan Zhu, Ronit Har-E!, Nahum Kitrossky, and Mordechai Chevion
3. The Effects of Oxidative Stress on the Redox System of the Human
Erythrocyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
i. Hamdi Ogii;;, Mevhibe Balk, Yasemin Aksoy, Meltem Miiftiioglu, and
NazmiOzer
4. Free Radicals as Reagents for Electron Transfer Processes in Proteins 39
I. Pecht and 0. Farver
5. Free Radical Mediated Oxidation of Proteins 51
Earl R. Stadtman
6. Nitric Oxide Regulation of Membrane and Lipoprotein Oxidation in the
Vasculature: A Radical Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Bruce A. Freeman, Jason Eiserich, and Valerie O'Donnell
7. Apolipoprotein E Oxidation through Enzymes Localized into the Brain 79
B. Leininger-Muller, C. Jolivalt, R. Herber, P. Bertrand, and G. Siest
8. Flavonoid Radicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Wolf Bors, Christa Michel, Werner Heller, and Heinrich Sandermann, Jr.
9. The Molecular Mechanism oflnteraction ofHp with Metmyoglobin . . . . . . . . 93
2
Dimitrios Galaris, Stelianos Kokkoris, Joannis Toumpoulis, and
Panagiotis Korantzopoulos
10. Are Free Radicals Involved in the Expression of Adhesion Molecules? . . . . . . . . 103
W. Sluiter, A. Pietersma, and J. F. Koster
vii
viii Contents
FREE RADICALS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
11. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Alteration ofF F -ATP Synthase in Aging
0 1
and Liver Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Ferruccio Guerrieri, Giovanna Pellecchia, and Sergio Papa
12. Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Physical Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Jose Vifia, Miguel Asensi, Juan Sastre, Jose A. Ferrero, Emilio Servera,
Amparo Gimeno, and Federico Pallard6
13. The Role of Free Radical Mediation of Protein Oxidation in Aging and Disease 131
Earl R. Stadtman
14. Oxidative Damage and Fibrosclerosis in Various Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Antonella Scavazza, Gabriella Leonarduzzi, Simonetta Camandola,
Maurizio Parola, and Giuseppe Poli
15. The Role of Free Radicals in Ischemic Injury and the Precondition Status 151
J. F. Koster and W. Sluiter
16. Oxidative Damage and Reperfusion Syndrome in Human Liver Transplantation 157
Fiorella Biasi, Juan Cutrin, Elena Chiarpotto, Mauro Salizzoni,
Alessandro Franchello, Fausto Zamboni, Elisabetta Cerutti,
Roberto Pagni, Giacomo Lanfranco, Isabella Chiappino, and Giuseppe Poli
17. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Ischemia: Mechanisms Involved in Neuronal
Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Tomris Ozben
18. The Role of Free Radicals in NMDA and Glutamate Excitotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . 189
A. S. Yalym, Goncagiil Haklar, Belgin Kiiyiikkaya, Mera1 Yiiksel, and
Hale Sayba~th
19. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathological Sequelae of Alzheimer Disease 195
Mark A. Smith and George Perry
20. Brain Cytochrome Oxidase Activity and How It Relates to the Pathophysiology
of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
F. Gonzalez-Lima, J. Valla, and A. Cada
21. The Role of Free Radicals Damage to the Optic Nerve and Vitreous after
Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
E. Berenshtein, E. Banin, N. Kitrossky, M. Chevion, and J. Pe'er
ANTIOXIDANTS
22. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action 237
Enrique Cadenas
23. Repair Systems and Inducible Defenses against Oxidant Stress 253
Kelvin J. A. Davies
24. The "Push-Pull Mechanism": Protection against Site-Specific and Transition
Metal-Mediated Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Mordechai Chevion, Ben-Zhan Zhu, and Eduard Berenshtein
25. Protective Effects of Superoxide Dismutase Related to Its Preferential Binding
to Monocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Ingrid Emerit, Jany Vassy, Frederic Garban, Paulo Filipe, and Joao Freitas
26. Ubiquinol: An Endogenous Lipid-Soluble Antioxidant in Animal Tissues . . . . . . 293
Patrik Andree, Gustav Dallner, and Lars Ernster
27. Lycopene and ~-Carotene: Bioavailability and Biological Effects 315
Helmut Sies and Wilhelm Stahl
28. Carotenoid Properties Define Primary Biological Actions and Metabolism
Defines Secondary Biological Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Norman I. Krinsky
29. Prevention of Atherosclerosis by a-Tocopherol in Smooth Muscle Cells by a
Mechanism Involving Signal Transduction Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Nesrin K. 6zer, Onder Sirikci, Suzan Taha, N. Kaya Engin,
Daniel Boscoboinik, Sophie Clement, Achim Stocker, and Angelo Azzi
30. Potential Effects of Dietary Vitamin E in Laboratory Animal Diets on Results
Obtained in Models of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Hans-Anton Lehr, Peter Vajkoczy, and Michael D. Menger
METHODOLOGY
31. EPR Spectroscopy of Phenolic Plant Antioxidants 363
Wolf Bors, Christa Michel, and Kurt Stettmaier
32. Clastogenic Factors as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: Their Usefulness for
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Antioxidant Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Ingrid Emerit
33. Chemiluminescence Measurements for the Detection of Free Radical Species 385
A. Siiha Yal.;m, Goncagiil Haklar, Belgin Kii.;iikkaya, Meral Yiiksel, and
Goniil Dalaman
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
