Table Of ContentFRANCO AND HITLER
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Franco and Hitler
Spain, Germany, and
World War II
Stanley G. Payne
Yale University Press New Haven & London
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Javier Tusell
To the memory of (1945–2005)
Yale University Press wishes to thank Stanley Goldstein for first suggesting
that the Press publish a book on Franco and Hitler.
Copyright ∫ 2008 by Stanley G. Payne.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except
by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers.
Designed by James J. Johnson and set in New Aster and The Sans types by
Keystone Typesetting, Inc., Orwigsburg, Pa.
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Payne, Stanley G.
Franco and Hitler : Spain, Germany, and World War II / Stanley G. Payne.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. World War, 1939–1945—Diplomatic history. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Spain.
3. Spain—Politics and government—1939–1975. 4. Spain—Foreign relations—Germany.
5. Germany—Foreign relations—Spain. I. Title. II. Title: Spain, Germany, and
World War II.
D754.S6P39 2008
940.53%46—dc22 2007033570
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on
Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Preface vii
PART I. From Civil War to World War
Chapter ∞ The Spanish Civil War 3
Chapter ≤ Hitler’s Strategy in the Civil War 20
Chapter ≥ Military and International Significance of
the Civil War 32
Chapter ∂ A Tilted Neutrality 44
PART II. ‘‘Nonbelligerence’’
Chapter ∑ Franco’s Temptation 61
Chapter ∏ The Meeting at Hendaye and Its Aftermath 87
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vi CONTENTS
Chapter π The Zenith of Collaboration 114
Chapter ∫ Temptation Continues 128
Chapter Ω The Blue Division 146
Chapter ∞≠ Temptation Abates 155
Chapter ∞∞ Temptation Ends 180
Part III. The Struggle to Escape the ‘‘Axis Stigma’’
Chapter ∞≤ Spanish Diplomacy and the Holocaust (I) 209
Chapter ∞≥ Spanish Diplomacy and the Holocaust (II) 221
Chapter ∞∂ Neutrality by Compulsion 236
Chapter ∞∑ The End of the Relationship 253
Conclusion 266
Notes 277
Index 309
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Preface
The policy of the Franco regime during World War II, and particularly its
relationship with Nazi Germany, is arguably the most controversial aspect
of the regime’s long history. Though key Spanish documents are unavail-
able, much research has been conducted in this area, and its conclusions
are clear. Despite the extensive bibliography, however, there is no study
that deals synthetically with the full range of relations between the Span-
ish and German regimes. The present work is an effort to fill that gap.
It is dedicated to the memory of Javier Tusell, the past generation’s
leading historian of twentieth-century Spanish politics, whose premature
death deprived the country of one of its greatest scholars and public ana-
lysts. Tusell was the author of the principal history of Spanish diplomacy
during World War II, and my debt to his work will become clear in the
pages that follow.
In addition, this study builds on the previous research of many schol-
ars who have worked in this area, such as Haim Avni, Alfred Bosch, Wayne
Bowen, Charles Burdick, Carlos Caballero, Carlos Collado Seidel, James
Cortada, Rafael García Pérez, Genoveva García Queipo de Llano, Norman
Goda, Rafael Ibáñez Hernández, Gerald Kleinfeld, Christian Leitz, José
María Manrique García, Antonio Marquina Barrio, Pablo Martín Aceña,
Manfred Merkes, Lucas Molina Franco, Enrique Moradiellos, Víctor Mo-
rales Lezcano, Xavier Moreno Juliá, Gustau Nerín, Gloria Inés Ospina,
Jesús Palacios, Rosa Pardo Sanz, Paul Preston, Manuel Ros Agudo, Fer-
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viii PREFACE
nando Rosas, Bernd Rother, Klaus-Jorg Rühl, Denis Smyth, Lewis Tambs,
António José Telo, Joan María Thomàs, José Varela Ortega, César Vidal,
Angel Viñas, Robert Whealey, and others. I am indebted also to Félix Mo-
rales and the Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco for the opportunity to
do research in the Franco archive.
The manuscript has been read by a stellar array of critics—Juan Linz,
John Lukacs, and Michael Seidman—who have improved it and saved it
from a number of errors. My thanks to all of them.
Madison, Wisconsin
1 February 2007
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PART I
From Civil War to World War
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