Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design: Proceedings of an International Conference on ‘Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design’, held at the University of Melbourne, Melb

665 Pages·1983·35.12 MB·English

by  G. C. Sih

FRACTURE MECHANICS TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO
MATERIAL EVALUATION AND STRUCTURE DESIGN
Fracture Mechanics Technology
Applied to Material Evaluation
and Structure Design
Proceedings of an International Conference on 'Fracture Mechan
ics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure De
sign', held at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
August 10-13, 1982
edited by
G. C. SIH
Institute oj Fracture and Solid Mechanics,
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
N. E. RYAN and R. JONES
Aeronautical Research Laboratories,
Melbourne, Australia
1983 MARTIN US NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ....
II
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
THE HAGUE / BOSTON / LANCASTER •
Distributors
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Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Conference on Fracture MechanICS Technology
Applied to MaterIal EvaluatIon and Structure DesIgn
(1982 : Unlverslty of Melbourne)
Fracture mechanICS technology applIed to materIal
evaluatIon and structure desIgn.
1. Fracture mechanlcs--Congresses. 2. Strength of
materlals--Congresses. 3. Structural deslgn--Congresses.
I. Sih, G. C. (George C.) II. Ryan, N. E. III. Jones, R.
IV. Tlt1e.
TA409.1444 1982 620.1'126 83-19508
ISBN 90-247-2885-1
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6916-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6914-8
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-6914-8
Copyright
--------------------------------------------------------------~--
© 1983 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1983
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague,
The Netherlands.
v
CONTENTS
PREFACE
by G. C. Sih, N. E. Ryan and R. Jones ix
OPENING ADDRESS
by W. J. McG. Tegart xi
CONFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS xv
GENERAL LECTURES
Mechanics of subcritical crack growth
by G. C. Si h 3
Damage tolerance through the control of microstructure
by J. F. Knott 19
A review of elasto-plastic fracture design methods and suggestions
for a related hierarchy of procedures to suit various structural uses
by C. E. Turner 39
The fatigue strength of welded tubular steel offshore structures
by K. J. Marsh 65
Recent studies on brittle crack propagation and arrest in Japan
by T. Kanazawa, S. Machida and H. Yajima 81
TECHNICAL SESSIONS
SECTION I MICROSTRUCTURE
Relationships between microstructure and fracture toughness
by J. G. Anderson and R. H. Edwards 103
The influences of dual phase ,microstructures on crack propagation by
mean stress
by T. Ishihara and Y. Kowata 109
A new method for observing fatigue microcrack propagation
by S. Nunomura, Y. Higo, I. Tsubono and H. Hayakawa 121
An experimental study on the fracture behavior of laminated steel
composites
by Y.-H. Yum and C.-K. Shin 131
Influence of microstructures on crack propagation in stainless steel
weld metal
by G. Venkataraman, S. Arunagiri and A. Srinivasulu 149
SECTION II STRESS AND FAILURE ANALYSIS
Numerical analysis for notches of arbitrary notch angle
by R. H. Leicester and P. F. Walsh 161
Prediction of failure sites ahead of moving energy source
by G. C. Sih and C. I. Chang 171
Tension and bending of a semi-elliptical surface crack
by M. Isida and H. Noguchi 189
vi
Stress intensity factors for externally and internally cracked
pressurized thick cylinders with residual and thermal stresses 193
by C. P. Andrasic and A. P. Parker
Influence of crack closure on the stress intensity factor for
cylindrical shells subjected to bending 215
by K. N. Ramachandran Nambissan and R. S. Alwar
Analysis of a singular solution in three dimensional surface
crack problem 233
by Y. Fuj itani
SECTION III FRACTURE AND MATERIAL TESTING
Basic tensile properties of a low-alloy steel BS4360-50D 243
by C. Q. Zheng and J. C. Radon
Fracture toughness acceptance testing of aluminum alloys for
aircraft appl ications 257
by K. R. Brown
Relation between cracks and electron beam welding condition of
SUS304L stainless sintered steel 271
by Y. Suezawa
Fracture toughness of A533 B steel: electrical potential method 281
by H. t4atsushita and T. Miyoshi
SECTION IV ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELLING
Modelling of crack growth resistance curves 295
by R. M. L. Foote and G. P. Steven
Finite element analysis of non-self-similar crack growth process 305
by J. D. Lee, S. Du and H. Liebowitz
Energy-release rates in dynamic fracture: path-invariant in-
tegrals, and some computational studies 327
by S. N. Atluri and T. Nishioka
Modelling of sub-critical flaw growth in three dimensional
crack problems 341
by C. W. Smith
Material selection and structural design for safety and durability 353
by R. J. H. Wanhill
SECTION V MIXED HODE FRACTURE
Study of the fracture behaviour of slab mill rolls 369
by A. S. Blicblau, C. G. Chipperfield and R. Groenhout
The application of mixed mode II/III fracture mechanics analysis
to the cracking of rails 387
by D. J. H. Corderoy, M. B. McGirr and A. K. Hellier
On mixed mode ductile fracture criteria - a note about the core
region 395
by Y.-S. Kao
Further observations on mixed mode plane stress ductile fracture 401
by Y. W. Mai and B. Cotterell
SECTION VI FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Fatigue crack growth in autofrettaged thick-walled cylinders 417
by G. Clark
Use of damage concept on predicting fatigue life in two-level strain
controlled tests 431
by Z. Azari, M. Lebienvenu and G. Pluvinage
vii
Fatigue behaviour of steel rectangular hollow sections used in bus
structures 449
by C. M. Branco and A. A. Fernandes
Fatigue crack growth in welded steel rectangular hollow sections 463
by J. A. Ferreira, C. M. Branco and J. C. Radon
An effect of specimen size on fatigue crack growth and plastic zone
size 475
by K. U. Snowden, P. D. Smith and P. A. Stathers
Crack closure and overload effects in fatigue 491
by J. Q. Cl ayton
The influence of cyclic impact loading and stress ratio on fatigue
crack growth rate in aluminum alloy 505
by R. Murakami and K. Akizono
The effect of contact stress intensity factors on fatigue crack
propagation 517
by Y. C. Lam and J. F. Hi 11 i ams
Design of weld attachments to boiler tubes under fatigue loadings 529
by P. R. Ford and T. Lexmond
SECTION VII ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Criterion for fracture of plain concrete 543
by N. Saeki, N. Takada and Y. Fujita
Thermal embrittlement and purity in MAR350 steel 555
by J. T. A. Pollock, R. Clissold, M. Meller, R. Harren, K. Hatson
and B. Zybenko
Environmental effect on fatigue fracture in high impact polystyrene 565
by O. F. Yap, Y. W. Mai and B. Cotterell
Use of thermometric method of analysis for evaluation of colloids
for 70/30 brass in nitric acid 573
by B. B. Vakil, B. N. Oza and R. S. Sinha
Auger analysis of the high temperature embrittlement of an Alpha
brass 579
by W. Losch, H. Niehus, L. H. de Almeida and S. N. Monteiro
Fatigue in lubricants environment 587
by P. Poudou, G. Nouail, J. Aye 1 and G. Pluvinage
Application of auger electron spectroscopy to surface analysis
of fractures produced by hydrogen embrittlement 597
by \<I. R. Broughton, P. J. K. Paterson and W. J. Pollock
SECTION VIII COMPOSITES AND NONMETALS
Repair of ballistically impacted carbon fibre reinforced (CFR)
laminates 609
by J. B. Young and N. Matthews
Fatigue damage in glass reinforced plastics 623
by J. C. Radon and C. R. \<Iachnicki
Damage tolerance of fibre composite laminates 635
by M. J. Davis and R. Jones
Probabilistic aspects of mechanical damage in concrete structures 657
by J. Mazars
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 667
ix
PREFACE
The International Conference on Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to
Material Evaluation and Structure Design was held in Melbourne, Australia, from
August 10 to 13, 1982. It was sponsored jointly by the Australian Fracture
Group and Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics at Lehigh University. Pro
fessor G. C. Sih of Lehigh University, Drs. N. E. Ryan and R. Jones of Aeronau
tical Research Laboratories served as Co-Chairmen. They initiated the organiza
tion of this international event to provide an opportunity for the practitioners,
engineers and interested individuals to present and discuss recent advances in
the evaluation of material and structure damage originating from defects or
cracks. Particular emphases were placed on applying the fracture mechanics tech
nology for assessing interactions between material properties, design and opera
tional requirements. It is timely to hold such a Conference in Australia as she
embarks on technology extensive industries where safeguarding structures from pre
mature and unexpected failure is essential from both the technical and economical
view points.
The application of system-type approach to failure control owes much of its
success to fracture mechanics. It is now generally accepted that the discipline,
when properly implemented, provides a sound engineering basis for accounting in
teractions between material properties, design, fabrication, inspection and op
erational requirements. The approach offers effective solutions for design and
maintenance of large-scale energy generation plants, mining machineries, oil ex
ploration and retrieval equipments, land, sea and air transport vehicles. Al
though much know-how is readily available for application, new design requirements
and materials are being constantly introduced that there is always a relentless
pressure for technology advancement. The need for a better understanding of the
fundamentals of fracture mechanics becomes apparent, if not only to reduce the re
search results to design methods. A series of general lectures were given to
further emphasize the objectives. Over fifty technical papers were presented
covering topics such as dislocations, kinetics of crack growth, fracture criteria,
fatigue and stress concerned with material testing and structural application.
The four-day technical sessions were well-attended by participants from eleven
countries: Australia, Canada, France, Holland, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand,
Singapore, UK and USA. Much of the success of the Conference was attributed to
the lively discussions after the technical presentations and during the coffee
breaks.
The Conference was officially opened by Dr. W. J. McG. Tegart, Secretary of
the Department of Science and Technology who presented an overview of the techno
logical and scientific development in Australia. Technology transfer was mentioned
as a key element in Conferences of an international character. Fracture mechanics
can, no doubt, provide cost-effective solutions to many of the present and future
structure-related problems. Equally successful was the social programs organized
by the local committee. They were particularly delightful to the foreign partici-
x
pants. A special note of appreciation goes to Mrs. Dawn Ryan who patiently ac
companied the ladies to visit shops and historic sites in Melbourne. The indi
vidual Committee Members
C. G. Chipperfield
A. R. Ellery
J. R. Griffiths
R. Jones
R. H. Leicester
M. T. Murray
J. C. Ritter
N. E. Ryan
J. F. Wi 11 i ams
of the Australian Fracture Group should be recognized for their cooperative ef
forts in organizing the Conference. Acknowledgements are also due to the support
of The Australian Institute of Metals, Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria,
ESSO Australia (Sale), Comalco Ltd., Steel Mains, Pty. Ltd., Victorial Branch,
Australia Applied Mathematics DiviSion, Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Com
puter Engineering Application Pty. Ltd., and Lehigh University.
The readers will also notice the excellent typing of the manuscripts by Mrs.
Barbara DeLazaro and Constance Weaver. Their efforts contributed towards the
speedy publication of this volume.
August, 1982 G. C. Sih
Melbourne, Australia N. E. Ryan
R. Jones
xi
OPENING AnDRESS
I consider it a signal honour to be invited to deliver the opening address
to the International Conference on Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Ma
terial Evaluation and Structure Design, organized jointly by the Australian Frac
ture Group and Lehigh University in the U.S.A. When The Organizing Committee
issued the invitation, it reminded me that the Australian Fracture Group traces
its origins to an initial meeting of fracture mechanics enthusiasts in 1970 at
the BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories in Clayton. At that time, I was Research
Manager and the Laboratories were still in their formative years with an enthusi
astic dialogue and interaction between scientists and engineers on the properties
and application of steels. Naturally, the topic of fracture mechanics and its
applications was of considerable interest to us and we developed a considerable
expertise to which I will refer later.
The Australian Fracture Group has grown in strength and in scope of interests,
as you will learn during the Conference, and has sponsored National Tri-Ennial
Fracture Mechanics Symposia in 1974, 1977 and 1980. This is its first venture
into the co-sponsorship of an International Conference and I must congratulate
the organizers on their success in attracting such a distinguished array of speak
ers from overseas. To these, I give a warm welcome and trust that they will enjoy
their stay in Australia and gain some appreciation of the Australian scene in sci
ence and technology. Equally, we look forward to learning from them of the latest
developments and research in their countries.
For us, this Conference can be regarded as an exercise in technology transfer
since, with a population of only 15 million, we can contribute only roughly 1% of
the world's output of science and technology and thus must depend heavily on the
rest of the world for advances in most fields. However, in a number of fields,
because of unique situations in Australia, we have developed a leading role. In
the context of this Conference, the increasing loads in the operation of the heavy
rail iron ore railroads in the Pilbara district of North-Western Australia have
posed unique materials problems which have led to the development of considerable
local expertise in rail steel metallurgy and engineering. In such situations, the
cost penalty of fractures is extremely high. Thus, a broken rail which causes a
derailment can easily lead to an operating loss of $1 million through lost pro
duction plus a replacement cost of several hundred thousand dollars for track and
rolling stock. Further, the rapid expansion in minerals and coal mining together
with extensive exploitation of oil and gas deposits has highlighted the need for
cost-effective solutions to materials usage in severe operating environments.
Again, the cost penalties of failures are very high and we have developed some
unique expertise in Australia. You will have an opportunity to learn of this dur
ing the Conference.
In general, however, Australian industry depends on transfer of technology
from overseas. Some years ago, my former colleague, Dr. Ward (General Manager,
xii
Research and New Technology of BHP) carried out an analysis of the rate of adop
tion of new technology in the Australian steel industry. He showed that the
lapsed time between first commercial world application and commissioning in Aus
tralia had decreased markedly over the years, particularly in the last two dec
ades. This reflected partly the rapid development of the local industrial base
with market growth and sophistication as the rate determining factors and partly
the improved access to information. In the case of major plant technological in
troductions, the average lapsed time was about 9 years of which perhaps 4 years
are required for design construction and installation leaving about 5 years for
recognition and evaluation of overseas innovations. In the case of produce de
velopment, the average lapsed time was about 7 years, of which about 4 years can
be attributed to recognition and evaluation of overseas innovations and 3 years
to implementation.
One might expect that techniques such as fracture mechanics could be more
readily transferred but my recent examination of the Australian scene at the
formation of the AFG suggests that at least 5 years ensued between application
overseas and acceptance in Australia. This is perhaps not surprising since we
are all aware of the lead times involved in learning new techniques, building new
equipment and carrying out an adequate test program. In that particular case,
the catalyst of technology transfer was the Australian steel industry through its
own R&D and plant laboratories with the support of the marketing division. How
ever, a significant transfer agent was the Australian Welding Research Association
whose Project Panels rapidly took up the concepts and applied them to practical
situations such as pipelines and welded structures and developed industry quality
acceptance criteria based on fracture mechanics.
AWRA is an excellent example of a multiplier agency for technology transfer
since it operates with only five full-time staff, but utilizes the services of
150 voluntary part-time workers in 13 Project Panels in areas of specialized in
terest. Apart from monitoring and assessing overseas technology, these Panels
stimulate research and development in both industrial and government laboratories
and in tertiary institutions. Funding is provided by subscriptions from member
companies and organizations and a matching grant from the Federal Government.
With the current high rate of development of technology, the efficiency of
the technology transfer process within the Australian context compared to that of
our principal competitors will be a critical determinant of the competitiveness
of Australian industry and thus of its future. However, there are significant
barriers to technology transfer to manufacturing industry in Australia. Thus,
while technology can be transferred in documented form, a key element in the
transfer process is people experienced in the application of the technology to be
transferred. These may be academics or R&D workers in government or private lab
oratories and plants. At the receiving end, it is necessary to have people who
are well-informed of their company's requirements and operations and who can inter
act with potential sources of new technology.
In Australia, manufacturing industry is characterized by a large proportion
of companies, particularly but not exclusively small to medium-sized companies
which lack the necessary financial and resource capability to mount effective R&D
programs and which are dependent on outside sources of technological expertise.
For example, firms in the fabricated metal products sector with less than 100 em
ployees account for 93% of the establishments of the sector and provide about half
the employment, turnover and value added. Many do not employ technical staff who
can evaluate and apply new developments.