Foundations for Radio Frequency Engineering

669 Pages·2015·4.76 MB·English

by  Geyi Wen

FOUNDATIONS
FOR
RADIO FREQUENCY
ENGINEERING
9040hc_9789814578707_tp.indd 1 17/9/13 10:08 AM
May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
FOUNDATIONS
FOR
RADIO FREQUENCY
ENGINEERING
Wen Geyi
Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, China
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
9040hc_9789814578707_tp.indd 2 17/9/13 10:08 AM
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wen, Geyi.
Foundations for radio frequency engineering / by Wen Geyi (Nanjing University of Information
Science & Technology, China).
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-9814578707 (alk. paper)
1. Radio wave propagation--Mathematics. 2. Electromagnetic waves--Mathematical models.
3. Microwaves. I. Title. II. Title: Radio frequency engineering.
QC665.T7W46 2015
621.384--dc23
2014045142
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2015 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy
is not required from the publisher.
In-house Editors: Sutha Surenddar/Steven Patt
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
Sutha - Foundations for radio frequency.indd 1 24/11/2014 1:56:53 PM
January28,2015 11:6 FoundationsforRadioFrequencyEngineering-9inx6in b1914-fm pagev
To my parents
To Jun and Lan
v
May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
January28,2015 11:6 FoundationsforRadioFrequencyEngineering-9inx6in b1914-fm pagevii
Preface
In an age of knowledge explosion, students have to meet the challenges
of maintaining perspective amid a deluge of information and change in
theirdevelopmentsofexpertise.Thetraditionaluniversitycoursesandtheir
contentsmustthereforebedesigned,plannedormergedaccordinglysothat
the students can master the core materials that are needed in their future
careers,whilehavingenoughtimetostudythenewcoursestobefrequently
added to the curriculum.
With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies,
the demand on wireless spectrum has been growing dramatically. This
results in extensive and intensive research in radio frequency (RF) the-
ory and techniques, and substantial advancements in the area of radio
engineering, both in theory and practice, have emerged in recent years.
RF engineering deals with various devices that are designed to operate in
the frequency range from 3kHz to 300GHz, and therefore covers all areas
where electromagnetic fields must be transmitted or received as a carrier
wave. For this reason, a good RF engineer must have in-depth knowledge
in mathematics and physics, as well as specialized training in the areas of
applied electromagneticssuchas guided structuresand microwavecircuits,
antenna and wave propagation, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
designs of electronic circuits.
RF engineering is closely linked to three IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers) professional societies: Microwave Theory and
Techniques(MTT), AntennasandPropagation(AP)andEMC.Tradition-
ally, different courses have been created to meet the needs for different
societies. For example, the students oriented to the MTT society must
take the courses such as Microwave Engineering, or Field Theory of
vii
January28,2015 11:6 FoundationsforRadioFrequencyEngineering-9inx6in b1914-fm pageviii
viii Preface
Guided Waves. For the students specialized in AP and EMC societies, the
coursesAntennaTheory andDesign andElectromagneticCompatibility are
compulsory. Nevertheless, these three professional societies are intimately
related as they have numerous things in common in terms of theories and
techniques.Manyprofessionalsareoftenactive inthe three societiesatthe
same time. In fact, a typical RF department in a wireless company has
engineers working in different areas belonging to these societies, and most
of the time, they have to work together to solve an engineering problem as
a team.
Theabovetrendsindicatethatitisnecessaryandalsopossibletocreate
a new course or a book that provides the fundamentals of microwaves,
antennas and propagation, and EMC in a common framework for the
students, engineers and applied physicists dedicated to the three IEEE
societies. The topics in RF engineering are enormous. The contents of
the book have been selected on the basis of their fundamentality and
importance to suit various needs arising in RF engineering. All areas of
RF engineering are established on the solutions of Maxwell equations,
which can be solved either analytically or numerically. Before the inven-
tion of computers, analytical methods were the dominant tools for the
analysis of electromagnetic phenomena, often involving the applications of
sophisticatedmathematicsandclosed-formsolutions.Nowadays,computer
technology plays a tremendous role in our daily life as well as in scientific
researchactivities.By taking advantage ofthe capabilities of moderncom-
puter technologies and the state-of-the-art computer-aided design (CAD)
tools, the numerical methods are capable of solving many complicated
problems encountered in practice and they occupy a significant piece of
current academic research. In electromagnetic society, numerical methods
havebeentreatedin manyreferences.For this reason,this bookessentially
examines analytical techniques while typical numerical methods and their
applications will also be discussed.
OneoftheimportantresearchareasofRFengineeringisthemicrowave
field theory which may be applied to the analysis of guided waves,
resonances, radiations and scattering. In many situations, a microwave
field problem can be reduced to a network or circuit problem, allowing
us to apply the circuit and network methods to solve the original field
problem.Thenetworkformulationhaseliminatedunnecessarydetailsinthe
field theory while reserving useful global information, such as the terminal
voltages and currents. As a consequence, many RF engineers now largely
rely on CAD tools and circuit analysis with little or no field analysis.
January28,2015 11:6 FoundationsforRadioFrequencyEngineering-9inx6in b1914-fm pageix
Preface ix
This procedure, however, is not always successful. In fact, the initial RF
circuits resulting from CAD tools usually bear little resemblance to the
finaldesign,andrevisionsareneededtoachievetherequiredperformances.
One should always remember that the field theory is the foundation of
the circuit analysis,and its importance cannot be overemphasizedin order
for best innovation practices. For this reason, both microwave field theory
and circuit design theory are discussed in this book, which features a wide
coverageofthefundamentaltopicssuchaselectromagneticboundaryvalue
problems, waveguide theory, microwave resonators, microwave circuits,
antennas and wave propagation, EMC techniques, and information theory
and typical application systems.
The book consists of 8 chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the fundamental
electromagnetic theory. The basic properties and important theorems
derived from Maxwell equations are summarized. When applied properly,
these properties and theorems may bring deep physical insight into
the practical problems and simplify them dramatically. Various solution
methodsfortheboundaryvalueproblemsrelatedtoMaxwellequationsare
discussed,whichincludesthemethodofseparationofvariables,themethod
of Green’s functions, and the method of variations. Some important topics
such as numerical techniques and potential theory are also addressed.
Chapter 2 deals with the waveguide theory. Waveguides are the
cornerstoneofmicrowaveengineeringandtheircounterpartsareconnecting
wiresinlowfrequencycircuits.The waveguidetheorycanbe formulatedas
an eigenvalue problem with the cut-off wavenumbersbeing the eigenvalues
andeigenfunctionsbeingthecorrespondingvectormodalfunctions.Avari-
ationalprincipleexistsforthecut-offwavenumbersandcanbeexpressedas
aRayleighquotient.Thevectormodalfunctionsaretheextremalfunctions
that make the Rayleigh quotient stationary and constitute a complete
set. The typical waveguide eigenvalue problems are solved by the method
of separation of variables as well as by various numerical methods. The
waveguide discontinuities or waveguide junctions are analyzed by the field
expansions in terms of the vector modal functions as well as numerical
methods. Also presented in this chapter are inhomogeneous waveguides
such as dielectric waveguides and microstrip lines, transient phenomena in
waveguides, and periodic structures.
A resonator is a device that oscillates at some frequencies (called
resonant frequencies) with greater amplitude than at others, and it is
used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific
frequencies from a signal. Its counterpart is the LC resonant circuit at