Table Of ContentFOUNDATIONS AND FRONTIERS
OF DELIBERATIVE GOVERNANCE
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Foundations and
Frontiers of Deliberative
Governance
JOHN S. DRYZEK
with Simon Niemeyer
1
3
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Preface
Deliberative democracy has been ascendant in the theory and practice of
democracy for some time. A president of the United States has declared his
belief in deliberative democracy (in Barack Obama’s book The Audacity of
Hope), and the hierarchy of the Chinese Communist Party appears open to
deliberative experimentation. These two extremes illustrate the variety of
meanings that can be ascribed to deliberative democracy, and the variety of
practicesitcaninspire(justlikedemocracy itself).
Thisbookisdesignedasastatementaboutdeliberativedemocracyintheory
andpractice,reachingfromitsconceptualunderpinningstothekeychallenges
faced in its applications to an ever-increasing range of problems and issues.
Its intended location is at the several cutting edges of deliberative democracy
anddeliberativegovernance.PartI,whichconsistsofanintroductorychapter,
surveys the life and times of deliberative democracy, the turns it has taken,
and contemplates the basic logic of deliberative systems. Part II is about the
foundationsofthetheory.Thesecannotbetakenforgrantedandsimplybuilt
upon.Asbefitsalivefield,contentiousissuesrequireattention.PartIItherefore
attends to how deliberative legitimacy can be achieved in large-scale societies
where face-to-face deliberationisimplausible,towhatrepresentationcan and
should mean in such systems, to the kinds of communication that ought to
be valued (rhetoric in particular), and to the competing appeals of pluralism
and consensus. Some new concepts are developed along the way: discursive
legitimacy, discursive representation, systemic tests for rhetoric, and several
formsofmeta-consensus.PartIIIbuildsuponthesefoundations(andonmore
established concepts) and shows how deliberative democracy can be applied
fruitfully and effectively to areas where democratic theory is not normally
taken.Theseareasarenetworkedgovernance,thedemocratizationofauthori-
tarian states, and global politics. The role of designed mini-publics in these
largerprocessesreceivesachapterofitsown.PartIVintegratesthediscussions
offoundationsandfrontiers.
Alothappenedinthefirstdecadeofdeliberativedemocracy,betweentwo
earlierbooks:DiscursiveDemocracy(CambridgeUniversityPress,1990),and
Deliberative Democracy and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2000). A lot
more has happened in the second decade of the deliberative era since 2000;
so much that it is hard to keep track of all the developments in the ever-
expanding areas of political theory, social science, and political practice
into which deliberative democracy is taken. It gets ever harder to write a
vi Preface
comprehensive statement that would address the major outstanding ques-
tions in the field. This book tries to do so, but doubtless there are astute
readerswhowillsay“butwhatabout...?”Andobviously,itisselectiveinthe
questionsandareasthatitpicked,thoughselectionwasmostcertainlynoton
thebasisofeaseoftreatment.
The Australian National University somehow manages to be a great re-
searchuniversitydespitesomeofitsadministrativefollies(inwhichrespectit
isprobablyfarfromunique).Thisbookowesmuchtoallthoseoncepartof
the Social and Political Theory Program in the Research School of Social
Sciences, to all those subsequently gathered around what eventually became
the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance, and to the
many scholars who have visited us over the years. Deliberative democracy
never appeared in any strategic plan, but we still managed to amass the
world’slargest(andarguablystrongest)concentrationofdeliberativedemoc-
racyscholars.Ithasbeenapleasureworkingamongthem.
Alargepartofthereasonforthissuccesscomesfromthegenerosityofthe
Australian Research Council in financing various projects. Much of the
researchreportedinthesechapterswassupportedbyARCDiscoveryGrants
DP0342795 (to John Dryzek and Robert Goodin), DP0558573 (to John
Dryzek and Simon Niemeyer), and DP0773626 (to John Dryzek and Bora
Kanra); Linkage Grant LP0882714 (to John Dryzek, Simon Niemeyer, Lyn
Carson, Janette Hartz-Karp, Luca Belgiorno-Nettis, and Ian Marsh) and
Federation Fellowship FF0883522 (to John Dryzek). The New Democracy
Foundationwasafunding partnerontheLinkageGrant.
Arguments from these chapters were presented to the Political Theory
SeminarattheLondonSchoolof Economics, theConferenceon Rethinking
DemocraticRepresentation,UniversityofBritishColumbia,2006;thePATH
Conference on Participatory Approaches in Science and Technology, Edin-
burgh,2006;theTHEMESWorkshoponComplexityandSustainableDevel-
opment, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 2006; the Into the Void
Workshop, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Canberra,2006;theDepartmentofPoliticalScience,UniversityofStockholm;
the Centre for Democratic Network Governance, Roskilde University; the
Symposium on Representation and Democracy, University of Birmingham,
2007;the2003,2007,and2008ConferencesoftheAmericanPoliticalScience
Association; the Nagoya University Conference on Constructivist Political
Theory,2008;theConferenceonUnityandDiversityinDeliberativeDemoc-
racy,UniversityofBern,2008;theConferenceonRhetoricalCitizenshipand
Public Deliberation at the University of Copenhagen, 2008; the Colloquium
ontheMediaandDeliberativeDemocracy,FederalUniversityofMinasGerais
(Brazil), 2009; the Bellagio Conference on Rethinking Representation: A
Preface vii
North–South Dialogue, 2008; the Interpretive Policy Analysis Conference,
Kassel, 2009; and the Department of Political Science, Leiden University.
For comments, suggestions, and criticism, thanks to Selen Ayirtman, Andre´
Ba¨chtiger, Peter Balint, Henrik Bang, James Bohman, Simone Chambers,
Louise Clery, Molly Cochran, Katherine Curchin, Mary Dietz, Robyn Eck-
ersley, Lindy Edwards, Archon Fung, Robert Goodin, Carol Gould, Kasper
Moller Hansen, Baogang He, Carolyn Hendriks, Christian Hunold, Alnoor
Ibrahim, Kerstin Jacobsson, Bora Kanra, John Keane,Andrew Knops, Chris-
tianKock,ChristianList,CarolynLukensmeyer,GerryMackie,EricMacGilv-
ray, Rousiley Maia, Jane Mansbridge, Ricardo Fabrino Mendonc¸a, Karolina
Milewicz, Laura Montanero, Richard Mulgan, Michael Neblo, John Parkin-
son, Anne Phillips, Bernard Reber, Shawn Rosenberg, Jensen Sass, Michael
Saward, Vivien Schmidt, Philippe Schmitter, Graham Smith, Eva S(cid:2)rensen,
HayleyStevenson,LawrenceSusskind,Paul’tHart,DennisThompson,Jacob
Torfing, Douglas Torgerson, Aviezer Tucker, John Uhr, Shikegi Uno, Mark
Warren, and Laura Zurita. Dominic Byatt was, as always, a terrific editor to
workwithatOxfordUniversityPress.ThanksalsotoRoseDryzekforfinding
animagefor thecover,andtoAlessandraPecciforpreparingtheindex.
Several of the chapters draw upon previously published articles, though
they have been heavily revised for this book. Thanks to the publishers for
permissiontousethem,asfollows:
Chapter 2: John S. Dryzek, “Legitimacy and Economy in Deliberative Democracy,”
PoliticalTheory29(2001):651–69,bypermissionofSagePublishers.
Chapter3:JohnS.DryzekandSimonNiemeyer,“DiscursiveRepresentation,”American
Political Science Review 102 (2008): 481–93, by permission of Cambridge University
Press.
Chapter 4: John S. Dryzek, “Rhetoric in Democracy: A Systemic Appreciation,”
PoliticalTheory38(2010):319–39,bypermissionofSagePublishers.
Chapter5:JohnS.DryzekandSimonNiemeyer,“ReconcilingPluralismandConsensus
asPoliticalIdeals,”AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience50(2006):634–49,bypermission
ofBlackwellPublishers,#2006MidwestPoliticalScienceAssociation.
Chapter 7: John S. Dryzek, “Democratization as Deliberative Capacity Building,”
ComparativePoliticalStudies42(2009):1379–402,bypermissionofSagePublishers.
J.S.D.
Aranda,AustralianCapitalTerritory
February2010
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Contents
ListofTablesandFigures x
ListofAbbreviations xi
PART I INTRODUCTION
1.DeliberativeTurns 3
PART II FOUNDATIONS
2.Legitimacy 21
3.Representation 42
JohnS.DryzekandSimonNiemeyer
4.CommunicationandRhetoric 66
5.PluralismandMeta-Consensus 85
JohnS.DryzekandSimonNiemeyer
PART III FRONTIERS
6.GovernanceNetworks 119
7.TheDemocratizationofAuthoritarianStates 135
8.Mini-PublicsandTheirMacroConsequences 155
9.GlobalPolitics 177
PART IV CONCLUSION
10.IntegratedFoundationsandLongFrontiers 199
Bibliography 208
Index 224
