Table Of ContentContents Contents
Fossil Free Fuels
Fossil Free Fuels
Trends in Renewable Energy
Edited by
Maniruzzaman A. Aziz, Khairul Anuar Kassim,
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar, Aminaton Marto, and
Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed Muhammad
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Aziz, Maniruzzaman Bin A., editor.
Title: Fossil free fuels : trends in renewable energy / edited by
Maniruzzaman Bin A. Aziz, Khairul Anuar Kassim, Wan Azelee Wan Abu
Bakar, Amination Marto, Syed Anuar Faua ad Syed Muhammad.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019028555 (print) | LCCN 2019028556 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367347628 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780429327773 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. | Biodiesel fuels. | Biomass
energy--Environmental aspects. | Fossil fuels--Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC TJ808 .F68 2020 (print) | LCC TJ808 (ebook) | DDC
333.79/4--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028555
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028556
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Foreword ..................................................................................................................vii
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Next Generation of Agro-Industrial Lignocellulosic Residues
to Eco-Friendly Biobutanol .................................................................1
Nurhamieza Md. Huzir, Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz,
Shahrul Ismail, Bawadi Abdullah, Nik Azmi Nik Mahmood,
Noor Azrimi Umor, and Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed Muhammad
Chapter 2 Carbon Neutral Strategies to Reduce CO Emissions and
2
Mitigate Climate Change ...................................................................19
Farahiyah Abdul Rahman and Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz
Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gases Solutions in Roads and Transportation ...............37
Thanwa Filza Nashruddin and Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz
Chapter 4 Recent Clean Hydrogen Production Technologies ............................55
Bawadi Abdullah and Ali Awad
Chapter 5 Eco-Friendly Sustainable Stabilization of Dredged Soft Clay
Using Low-Carbone Recycled Additives ...........................................71
Mohammed Ali Mohammed Al-Bared, Aminaton Marto, and
Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap
Chapter 6 Acceptable Zone for Green Construction of Compacted
Tropical Laterite Soil..........................................................................85
Yamusa Bello Yamusa, Kamarudin Ahmad, and George Moses
Chapter 7 Green Economy and Sustainable Development ...............................103
Yusuf Babangida Attahiru, Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz,
Khairul Anuar Kassim, and Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Toward Sustainable Landfill Siting: A Case Study for Johor
Bahru, Malaysia ...............................................................................113
Habiba Ibrahim Mohammed,
Zulkepli Majid, and Yamusa Bello Yamusa
Chapter 9 Solution of Global Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Emission—A Comprehensive Technique and Methodology
for Quantification .............................................................................125
Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz, Khairul Anuar Kassim,
Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar, Nurul Hidayah Muslim,
Azman Mohamed, and M. Ehsan Jorat
Chapter 10 Traffic Pollution: Perspective Overview toward Carbon Dioxide
Capture and Separation Method .......................................................149
Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz, Khairul Anuar Kassim, Wan
Azelee Wan Abu Bakar, Fauzan Mohd Jakarmi, A. B. M.
Amimul Ahsan Salmiah Jamal Mat Rosid, and Susilawati Toemen
,
Chapter 11 Algal Biofuel: A Promising Alternative for Fossil Fuel ..................187
Hoofar Shokravi, Zahra Shokravi, Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz,
and Hooman Shokravi
Chapter 12 The Fourth-Generation Biofuel: A Systematic Review on
Nearly Two Decades of Research from 2008 to 2019 ......................213
Zahra Shokravi, Hoofar Shokravi, Md. Maniruzzaman A. Aziz,
and Hooman Shokravi
Index ......................................................................................................................253
Foreword
Energy is everything around us and nothing is possible with-
out energy. Predominantly, mankind has consumed fossil
fuels for millions of years and this finite resource will be
depleted in the future. Over decades, researchers and indus-
trial practitioners have been looking out for ways to reduce
our reliance on fossil fuels. Other than the scarce-resources
issue, the use of fossil fuels also raises many serious environ-
mental problems. The burning of fossil fuels releases huge
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO) and other air pollutants into
2
the atmosphere. Notably, these activities are associated with the environmental and
public health risks global warming and global climate change.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the world’s CO levels grew
2
from 17.78 billion tons in 1980 to 32.10 billion tons in 2015. If no action is taken to
mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs), the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere
would double its preindustrial level by as early as 2035. The statistical data from the
Global Report on Human Settlement (GRHS), a source studying cities and climate
change, revealed that about 75% of CO in the atmosphere originated from indus-
2
trial power plants, especially those that were involved in the burning of fossil fuels.
Thus, the use of renewable energy must be explored for sustainable energy. Globally,
nations have made many efforts to provide new alternative energy sources in every
industry, including transportation, construction and service providers, as well as the
household and commercial sectors.
This book, Fossil Free Fuels: Trends in Renewable Energy, written by three
renowned professors together with associate professors, lecturers and PhD stu-
dents, addresses the present problems of the world as well as the future genera-
tion of ideas around sustainability. It also covers the following sectors: (i.) green
construction—roads and highways; (ii.) green economy; (iii.) environmental pol-
lution, greenhouse gases and solutions to climate change and traffic pollution;
(iv.) fuel and energy: clean hydrogen fuel; (v.) biofuel for future generations;
(vi.) proper utilization of waste and recycled materials; and (vii.) renewable
energy.
In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the current world energy situation,
solutions to sustainable problems and recommendations for future assessment of
energy are discussed and evaluated in this book. These contents are covered in 12
chapters, around 95,192 words and 1,054 references from around the world which
intend to reach out and share information to students, researchers, scientists, prac-
ticing engineers and the general public who endlessly support renewable energy
initiatives.
vii
viii Foreword
Last but not least, it is hoped that this book could expand readers’ horizons and
serve as a reference for policy makers who may be able to bring about a revolution in
renewable energy and shape our future.
Best wishes,
Prof. Datuk Ir. Dr. Wahid Bin Omar
Vice-Chancellor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Preface
Fossil Free Fuels: Trends in Renewable Energy provides abatement strategies on
the usage of fossil fuels and the emission of carbon dioxide into the environment.
As climate change and global warming have become alarming global scenarios over
the past few decades, there have been many approaches to overcome and mitigate
this recurring environmental problem. This book covers critical topics such as the
exploration of biofuels as the next sustainable renewable resources, untapped waste
to wealth products, the green economy and carbon-neutral strategies in various
industries such as the transportation, construction and manufacturing sectors. In this
book, various novel agricultural waste products have been explored as potent sub-
strates for the production of biobutanol and the recycling of construction waste as
an eco-friendly material, as well as numerous other green technologies for the pro-
duction of clean hydrogen. Other than the emission of greenhouse gases, municipal
solid waste management through landfill sites have been discussed intensively, as
leachate, a product of landfill, leaves a ripple effect on the contamination of ground
and surface water. The authors also take a multidisciplinary approach and share
their findings by reviewing the most current strategies and solutions to reduce envi-
ronmental concerns, such as the implementation of carbon capture and sequestration
(CCS) techniques, the modeling method, critical analysis, advanced technologies
and operations, as well as a case study to deliver present alternatives and updates
to readers in great detail. This book attempts to provide resources and informa-
tion to readers such as students, researchers, scientists, non-specialist associates
with renewable energy industries, the general public and those who actively support
renewable energy strategies for the sustainable development of future generations.
Prof. Datuk Ir. Dr. Wahid bin Omar
Vice-Chancellor
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
ix
