Table Of ContentJ. Reitner H. Keupp (Eds.)
Fossil and Recent Sponges
With 233 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Dr. J OACHIM REITNER
Prof. Dr. HELMUT KEUPP
Institut für Paläontologie
Freie Universität Berlin
Schwendener Straße 8
1000 Berlin 33, FRG
Cover illustration: The cover shows a multiple recolonialization of the calcareous basal
skeleton of Spirastrella (Acanthochaetetes) wellsi (Hartman and Goreau 1975). Collect
ed from the Phillipines by Dr. R. van Soest. Length 5 cm. Collection J. Reitner, Institute
of Palaeontology, Free University, Berlin
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75658-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-75656-6
DOI: 10 .1 007/978-3-642-75656-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Fossil and recent sponges / 1. Reitner, H. Keupp (eds.).
p. cm. Proceedings of a symposium held Sept. 26-28, 1988, at the Institut für Paläontologie, Freie Universität
Berlin. I. Sponges - Congresses. 2. Sponges, Fossil - Congresses. I. Reitner, J. (Joachim), 11. Keupp, Helmut,
1949-. III. Freie Universität Berlin. Institut für Paläontologie. QL370.7.F67 1990 593.4 - dc20 90-41848
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only
permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its CUTTent version, and
a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific
statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
lYpesetting: International Typesetters Inc., Makati, Philippines
32/3145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
Sponges, fiIter-feeding organisms in all main types of aquatic environments,
have been known since the latest Precambrian. Through the whole Phanerozoic
they play an important role as constructors in buildups, and live on soft bottoms
as weIl as on hard substrates in different water depths and environments.
During Paleozoic and Mesozoic times highly diverse sponge communities
with rigid skeletons are primary frame builders, which were replaced subse
quently in the late Mesozoic by rapidly growing, rigid skeletal-forming
cnidarians. Sponges with rigid skeletons are Iithistids - a desma-bearing
polyphyletic group of demosponges, dictyid hexactinellids, and sc/erosponges
(stromatoporoids, chaetetids, sphinctozoans) - a polyphyletic group of
demosponges which secrete different types of secondary calcareous skeletons.
Today these types of sponges are restricted to cryptic and deeper water en
vironments. Soft sponges are mostly reported in fossil record by isolated
spicules. Complete specimens are only known from fossillagerstätten which are
characterized by rapid sedimentation rates as seen in the Middle Cambrian
Burgess and Wheeler Shales (North America) as weIl as in the early Devonian
Hunsrück slate of West Germany.
In connection with the Phanerozoic COrcycles, the main faunal changes of
the sponges are observed during the Carboniferous, the Triassic/Jurassic bound
ary, and the Late Cretaceous. The most important change in sponge taxa occur
red at the end of the Devonian. Most of the modern sponge lineages probably
derive from stern groups of the early Carboniferous. Only few earlier Paleozoic
sponge taxa exhibit clear relationships to modern ones. Most of the older groups
became extinct in the late Devonian (Frasne/Famenene) worldwide extinction
events. But, despite the enormous post-Devonian fossil material, the
phylogenetic, paleobiological, and paleoecological relationships between fossil
and Recent taxa are poorly known. The reasons for this are often poorly
preserved fossil sponge remains and the highly convergent nature of many weIl
preserved characters such as megascleres and secondary basal skeletons.
According to these facts, for a long period, paleontologists and neon
tologists worked in different ways because both groups had different scientific
goals.
As a resuIt of the rediscovery of sponges with rigid calcareous skeleton by
Willard Hartman and Thomas Goreau and Jean Vacelet in the 1960's, the com
munication between paleospongiologists and neospongiologists has been in-
VI Preface
creasing within the last decade, both scientific groups developing more and
more common goals.
Our aim is to confirm this development. We believe that taxonomic,
phylogenetic, and (paleo-)ecological questions could be more easily solved if
both scientific groups collaborated closely. We therefore organized a con
ference on Fossil and Recent Sponges in Berlin in September 26-28, 1988.
This conference was a forum where more than 70 biologists and paleon
tologists discussed present scientific questions dealing with fossil and modern
sponges. The positive feedback of this symposium is reflected by the 43 ac
cepted contributions for this Proceedings Volume.
The organizers thank all participants of the symposium for presenting their
papers and posters and for constructive discussions. We are indebted to all
referees who have done good work in reviewing all the papers presented here.
For financial support, the following institutions are gratefully acknowl
edged: Senator für Wissenschaft und Forschung Berlin, Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and Deutscher Akademischer Austausch
dienst (DAAD). Last but not least our special thanks to aB at the Institut für
Paläontologie, Freie Universität Berlin, for help and the perfect organization
which was a garantee for a successful conference.
Berlin, Spring 1991 JO ACHIM REITNER
HELMUT KEUPP
Most of the participants of the International Conference on Fossil and Recent Sponges, Berlin
1988, September 26 - 28 are shown in front of the Institut für Paläontologie der Freien Universität
Berlin, in the order indicated in the drawing.
1 M.C. DIAZ 2 E. VILLAMIZAR 3 S. POMPONI 4 M.-J. URIZ 5 R. DESQUEYROUx-FAUNDEZ
6 E. GAINO 7 N. BOURy-EsNAULT 8 R. MANCONI 9 T. KocH 10 R. Kurr 11 R. WOOD
12 R. PRONZATO 13 M. SAM 14 W. C. JONES 15 K. RIGBY 16 D. MEHL (pro: Salomon)
17 C. VOLKMER-RIBEIRO 18 B. SPIEGLER 19 W. H. DE WEERIJr 20 1. KAzMIERCZAK
21 H. KEupp 22 1. REITNER 23 G. GRUBER 24 N. WEISSENFELS 25 D. BARTHEL
26 A. BODZIOCH 27 B. SENOWBARI-DARYAN 28 P. WILLENZ 29 T. STEIGER 30 A. PISERA
31 B. LANG 32 D. ROSELL 33 T. ENGESER 34 P. RIEDEL 35 U. SCHEER 36 C. ERRENST
37 P. WOLZ 38 U. SCHWElTZER 39 M. RAUER 401. VACELET 41 P.-E LANGENBRUCH
42 S. STONE 43 P. SCHÄFER 44 U. SALLER 45 A. SOLE-CAVA 46 C. LEVI 47 M. SCHUDACK
48 W. ZIMMERLE 49 C. GAILLARD 50 E GRaTHE 51 R. VAN SOEST 52 W. GASSE
53 J. PICKETT 54 G. CORRIERO 55 T. BRACHERT 56 R. WEST 57 E-H. BRUGGER
58 R. KOHRING 59 J. HOOPER 60 H.M. REISWIG 61 M. PANSINI
Contents
Taxonomie and Phylogenetie Aspeets
Introduction .................................................. 3
Hexactinellida
H. M. REISWIG
New Perspectives on the Hexactinellid Genus Dactylocalyx
Stutchbury ................................................... 7
W. GASSE, R. GÖCKE, and K.-H. HILPERT
The Hexactinellid Sponge Genus Becksia Schlüter, 1868
from the Campanian of the NW Münsterland
(Upper Cretaceous, NW Germany) .............................. 21
W. MÜLLER
Observations on the lurassic Hexactinellid Sponge
Tremadictyon radicatum (Quenstedt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
D. MEHL (pro: SALOMON)
Are Protospongiidae the Stern Group of Modern Hexactinellida? 43
Demospongiae
R. W. M. VAN SOEST
Demosponge Higher Taxa Classification Re-Examined 54
C. LEVI
Lithistid Sponges from the Norfolk Rise.
Recent and Mesozoic Genera ................................... 72
l.K. RIGBY
Evolution of Paleozoic Heteractinid Calcareous Sponges
and Demosponges - Patterns and Records ....................... 83
x Contents
J. REITNER and H. KEupp
The Fossil Record of the Haplosclerid Excavating Sponge
Aka de Laubenfels ............................................ 102
C. VOLKMER-RIBEIRO and J. REITNER
Renewed Study of the Type Material of Palaeospongilla chubutensis
Ott and Volkheimer (1972) ..................................... 121
M. C. DIAZ, R. W. M. VAN SOEST, and S. A. POMPONI
A Systematie Revision of the Central-Atlantie Halichondrida
(Demospongiae, Porifera).
Part I: Evaluation of Characters and Diagnosis of Genera . . . . . . . . .. 134
S.A. POMPONI, A.E. WRIGHT, M.C. DIAZ, and R.W.M. VAN SOEST
A Systematic Revision of the Central Atlantic Halichondrida
(Demospongiae, Porifera).
Part 11: Patterns of Distribution of Secondary Metabolites ......... 150
Demospongiae and Calcarea with Secondary Basal Skeletons
J.-P. CUIF and P. GAUTRET
Taxonomie Value of Mierostructural Features in Calcified Tissue
from Recent and Fossil Demospongiae and Calcarea ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
J. VACELET and M. J. URIZ
Deficient Spieulation in a New Species of Merlia
(Merliida, Demospongiae) from the Balearic Islands 170
J. REITNER
Phylogenetic Aspects and New Descriptions of Spicule-Bearing
Hadromerid Sponges with a Secondary Calcareous Skeleton
(Tetractinomorpha, Demospongiae) .............................. 179
J. KAZMIERCZAK
Further Evidence for Poriferan Affinities of Favositids 212
B. SENOWBARI-DARYAN
"Sphinctozoa": An Overview 224
J. PICKETT
A Cautionary Tale: Diffieulties in Inferring Living Morphology
from Post-Depositional Appearance ............................. 242
Contents XI
Calcarea
J. VACELET
Recent Calcarea with a Reinforced Skeleton ("Pharetronids") 252
Aspects of Sponge Biology
Introduction ......................................... '" ...... " 269
Demospongiae
J.N.A. HOOPER, R.J. CAPON, C.P. KEENAN, and D.L. PARRY
Morphometric and Biochemical Differences Between Sympatric Popu
lations of the Clathria "Spicata" Species Complex (Demospongiae:
Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae) from Northern Australia ........... 271
P.-F. LANGENBRUCH
Histological Indications of the Phylogenesis of the Haplosclerida
(Demospongiae, Porifera) ...................................... 289
U. SALLER
Symbiosis of Spongilla lacustris (Spongillidae) and Green Algae.
Algae Uptake, Distribution and Final Whereabouts ................ 299
M. SAM and E. MANARA
Cortical Structure and Adaptation in the Genus Tethya
(Porifera, Demospongiae) ...................................... 306
A. M. SOLE-CAVA, J. P. THORPE, and R. MANCONI
A New Mediterranean Species ofAxinella Detected by Biochemical
Genetic Methods .............................................. 313
Demospongiae with Secondary Calcareous Skeletons
R. WOOD
Non-Spicular Biomineralization in Calcified Demosponges 322
Calcarea
P. W. LEDGER and W. C. JONES
On the Structure of Calcareous Sponge Spicules 341
XII Contents
E. GAINO, M. PANSINI, R. PRONZATO, and F. CICOGNA
Morphological and Structural Variations in Clathrina clathrus
(Porifera, Calcispongiae) ....................................... 360
(Paleo-)Ecology and Diagenesis of Sponges
Introduction .................................................. 375
Environmental Aspects 0/ Living Sponge Populations
K. R. TABACHNICK
Adaptation of the Hexactinellid Sponges to Deep-Sea Life 378
D. BARTHEL
Influence of Different Current Regimes on the Growth Form
of Halichondria panicea Pallas ................................. 387
G. CORRIERO, R. PRONZATO, and M. SAM
The Sponge Fauna Associated with Arca noae L.
(Mollusca, Bivalvia) ........................................... 395
W.C. JONES
Monthly Variations in the Size of Spicules of the Haplosclerid
Sponge, Haliclona rosea (Bowerbank) ............................ 404
W. H. DE WEERDf
Vicariance Biogeography Using North Atlantic Chalinidae
(Demospongiae) .............................................. 421
R. PRONZATO and R. MANCONI
Colonization, Life Cycles and Competition in a Freshwater Sponge
Association .................................................. 432
Sponges in Buildups Through Time
R. R. WEST and S. KERSHAW
Chaetetid Habitats 445
J. W. REINHARDf
Eastern Tethyan Sponge Buildups at the Close of the Paleozoic
(Uppermost Permian, Sichuan/China) ........................... 456
