Table Of Content

T. Pullaiah Forskolin Natural Sources, Pharmacology and Biotechnology Forskolin T. Pullaiah Forskolin Natural Sources, Pharmacology and Biotechnology T.Pullaiah DepartmentofBotany SriKrishnadevarayaUniversity Anantapur,AndhraPradesh,India ISBN978-981-19-6520-3 ISBN978-981-19-6521-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6521-0 #SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Forskolin, a naturally occurring labdane diterpenoid, is useful in the treatment of obesity,diabetes,heartdiseases,cancer,asthma,glaucomaandhypertension.Coleus forskohliiistheonlysourceofForskolin.Wewereworkingondifferentaspectsof micropropagation, in vitro production of secondary metabolites for the last several years. We found that by 2006 itself more than 17,000 papers using forskolin as a pharmacologicaltoolhavebeenpublishedinscientificliterature.Wealsofoundthat thereisnocomprehensiveaccountonForskolinandColeusforskohlii.Thisbookis ananswertothis. IproposedthisbookwithDr.MohammadMajeed,ofSamiSabinsaCorporation, pioneerinColeusresearch.Avisionary,hemigratedtoUSAwith8USDollarsand establishedacompany,basedonColeusandCurcumin,whichisnowworthRupees one thousand crores. First he readily agreed but due to his busy business work he optedoutandIhadtotakewholeloadineditingthisbook.Someofhiscolleagues initiallygavetheirhelpinghand.Ithankthemforthesame.Mystudentscametomy rescuetocompletethejob. Ithankallthejournals,whogavemepermissiontoreproducesomeofthefigures fromtheirpublication.IthankSpringerNature,especiallyShriNarenAgarwaland MomokoAsawafortheirsupportinbringingthisbooktoashape. Anantapur,AndhraPradesh,India T.Pullaiah v Contents 1 Coleusforskohlii—AMultipurposeMedicinalPlant. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 BotanyofColeusforskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 BotanyofColeusforskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 ChromosomeNumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 GeneticImprovement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 MutationBreeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 TraditionalMedicinalUsesandPharmacognosyofColeus forskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 UsesinTraditionalSystemsofMedicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 EthnobotanicalUses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3.1 DigestiveSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3.2 NervousSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3.3 Skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3.4 RespiratorySystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3.5 Pain,Inflammation,andMusculoskeletalProblems. . . . 17 3.3.6 MetabolicandEndocrineSystem. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 17 3.3.7 CardiovascularSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3.8 Sensory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.9 Infection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.4 Pharmacognosy. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 18 3.4.1 MacroscopicCharactersofRoot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.4.2 MicroscopicCharacters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.4.3 StudyofPowder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.4.4 PhytochemicalStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 vviiii viii Contents 4 ChemistryofColeusforskohliiBriq.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Biogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2.1 Forskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.2.2 MolecularApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.2.3 ExtractionandSeparationofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.2.4 ProtocolforSeparationandPreparation ofPureForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3 PhytocompoundsIsolatedfromC.forskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.4 ProspectiveofBioengineeringofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5 PharmacologyofColeusforskohliiandForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2 PharmacologicalProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2.1 Antiobesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2.2 AntidiabeticEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.2.3 AntithromboticEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.2.4 CardiovascularEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.5 CysticFibrosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.6 Glaucoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.2.7 Asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2.8 AnticancerActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2.9 AntioxidantActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.2.10 Anti-InflammatoryActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.11 AntidepressantEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.12 AntistressEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2.13 AntidyspepticActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2.14 Anti-UlcerActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2.15 HepatoprotectiveActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2.16 AntimicrobialActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.2.17 Hypothyroidism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.18 SkinProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.19 AntispasmodicEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.20 ProtectionagainstGastricUlcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.21 BoneFormation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.22 NerveRegeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.23 FunctionalNeuralDifferentiationofHumanAdipose Tissue-DerivedStemCells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2.24 NeuronalAcetylcholinesteraseInhibitor. . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2.25 AntipsoriasisEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2.26 AnticonvulsantActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.27 NeurologicalDisorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Contents ix 5.2.28 ImmunomodulatorActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.29 AnalgesicActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.30 AntiprotozoalActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2.31 AntimalarialActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.32 AnthelminticActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.33 GastroprotectiveandAnti-Helicobacterpylori Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.34 OtherUses. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 91 5.3 Nano-EmulsionsandNanoparticlesasVehiclesforTopical DeliveryofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4 IntestinalPermeabilityofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.5 EffectsonPregnancy. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 92 5.6 ToxicologicalStudies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.7 AntifeedantActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.8 Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6 MicropropagationofColeusforskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.2 Explant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3 MediaConstituentsforShootInduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.4 RootingandAcclimatization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.5 InVitroConservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.6 ConclusionandFutureProspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7 InVitroProductionofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2 OrganizedCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2.1 HairyRootCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2.2 ShootCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7.3 UnorganizedCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.3.1 CallusCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.3.2 SuspensionCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.3.3 EffectofMicrobialDerivedElicitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 7.3.4 EffectofAbioticElicitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.5 EffectofPlant-DerivedElicitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8 AssessmentofColeusforskohliiGeneticDiversityUsing MolecularMarkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.2 MolecularMarkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.3 MolecularMarkerStudiesinColeusforskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 x Contents 9 EndophytesfortheEnhancedGrowthofColeusforskohlii andEnhancedProductionofForskolin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.2 EndophytesandForskolinProduction. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 150 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 10 PropagationMethodsofColeusforskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 10.2 Propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 10.3 Intercropping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.4 Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.4.1 LeafSpotDisease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.4.2 BlightDisease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.4.3 RootRot/WiltDisease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.4.4 RootKnotDiseaseofC.forskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10.4.5 ComplexDiseaseofC.forskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10.4.6 StemBlight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10.5 DiseaseManagement. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 166 10.5.1 ChemicalControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.5.2 BiologicalControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.6 MulchingandWeedControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.7 CropImprovement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 11 SuccessStoriesandTradeandCommerceofColeusforskohlii. . . . 173 11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 11.2 SuccessStory—Dr.MuhammedMajeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 11.2.1 Sami-SabinsaCorporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 174 11.3 TradeandCommerceofColeusForskohlii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 About the Author T. Pullaiah is a former Professor at the Department of Botany at Sri Krishnadevaraya University in Andhra Pradesh, India, where he has taught for morethan35years.Hehasheldseveralpositionsattheuniversity.HewasPresident of Indian Botanical Society (2014), President of the Indian Association for Angio- sperm Taxonomy (2013) and Fellow of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences. Under his guidance 54 students obtained their doctoral degrees. He has authored 70 books, edited 40 books, and published over 340 research papers, including reviewsandbookchapters.HewasalsoamemberofSpeciesSurvivalCommission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Professor Pullaiah receivedhisPhDfromAndhraUniversity,India,attendedMoscowStateUniversity, Russia,andworkedasPost-DoctoralFellowduring1976–1978. xxii

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