Table Of ContentFORMULATION OF
MICROBIAL
BIOPESTICIDES
FORMULATION OF
MICROBIAL
BIOPESTICIDES
Beneficial microorganisms,
nematodes and seed treatments
Edited by
H.D. Burges
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Card Number: 98-70274
ISBN 978-94-010-6066-0 ISBN 978-94-011-4926-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4926-6
02-0601-100 ts
All Rights Reserved
© 1998 Springer Science+Busines sMedia Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica,l including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without prior permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
List ofcontributors vii
Preface
IX
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones
PART ONE PRINCIPLES OFFORMULATION 5
2 Technology offormulation and application 7
Keith A. Jones and H. Denis Burges
PART TWO ORGANISMS WITH A PERORAL MODE OF ACTION 31
3 Formulation of bacteria, viruses and Protozoa to control insects 33
H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones
PART THREE ORGANISMS WITH A CONTACT MODE OF ACTION 129
4 Formulation ofmycoinsecticides 131
H. Denis Burges
5 Formulation ofmicroorganisms to control plant diseases 187
Deborah R. Fravel, William J. Connick, Jr andJack A. Lewis
6 Formulation ofmicrobial herbicides 203
Michael P. Greaves, PeterJ. Holloway and Bruce A. Auld
7 Formulation of beneficial organisms applied to soil 235
Alan S. Paau
8 Application ofmicroorganisms to seeds 255
Mark P. McQuilken, Peter Halmer and DavidJ. Rhodes
PART FOUR ORGANISMS WITH A POWER OF SEARCH 287
9 Formulation ofentomopathogenic nematodes 289
Rayman Georgis and Harry K. Kaya
vi Contents
PART FIVE THE FUTURE 309
10 Trends in formulation of microorganisms and future research requirements 311
H. Denis Burges and Keith A. Jones
APPENDICES 333
A catalogue of formulation additives: function, nomenclature, properties
and suppliers 333
Konrad Bernhard, Peter J. Holloway and H. Denis Burges
II Spray application criteria 367
Keith A. Jones
III Glossary (including list of product and additive types) 377
H. Denis Burges
Index 383
CONTRIBUTORS
BRUCE A. AULD University of Bristol, Weston Road,
Orange Agricultural Institute, Long Ashton, Bristol, Avon, BS18 9AF, UK
Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia E-mail [email protected]
E-mail [email protected]
PETER HALMER
KONRAD BERNHARD
Germain's (UK) Ltd, Hansa Road,
Ettlinger Strasse 33/3, 0-76307 Karlsbad
Hardwick Industrial Estate, King's Lynn,
Germany
Norfolk, PE30 4LG, UK
E-mail [email protected]
E-mail [email protected]
H. DENIS BURGES
PETERJ. HOLLOWAY
21 Withdean Avenue, Goring-by-Sea,
IACR-Long Ashton Research Station,
Worthing, West Sussex, BN12 4XD, UK
Department of Agricultural Sciences,
E-mail denis@hdburges,freeserve.co.uk
University ofBristol, Weston Road,
WILLIAM J. CONNICKJR
Long Ashton, Bristol, Avon, BS18 9AF, UK
Commodity Utilisation Research Unit,
E-mail [email protected]
USDA-ARS,
Southern Regional Research Center,
1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, PO Box 19687, KEITH A. JONES
New Orleans, LA 70124-0687, USA Natural Resources Institute,
E-mail [email protected] University ofGreenwich, Central Avenue,
Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
E-mail [email protected]
DEBORAH R. FRAVEL
Room 275, Building OlIA, BARC-West,
Biocontrol ofPlant Disease Laboratory, HARRY K. KAYA
Plant Sciences Institute, USDA-ARS, One Shields Avenue,
Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA Department of Nematology,
E-mail [email protected] University ofCalifornia, Davis,
CA 95616, USA
E-mail [email protected]
RAMON GEORGIS
ThermoTrilogy Corp., 7500 Grace Drive,
Columbia, MD 21044, USA JACK LEWIS
E-mail [email protected] Room 275, Building OlIA, BARC-West,
Biocontrol ofPlant Disease Laboratory,
MICHAEL P. GREAVES Plant Sciences Institute, USDA-ARS,
IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA
Department ofAgricultural Sciences, E-mail [email protected]
viii Contributors
MARK P. MCQUILKEN San Diego, 9500 Gilmen Drive, USA
Unit of Plant Protection, E-mail [email protected]
Department of Plant Biology,
The Scottish Agricultural College, DAVID RHODES
Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HW, Scotland, UK Zeneca Agrochemicals,
E-mail [email protected] Fernhurst, Haslemere, Surrey, GU27 3JE, UK
E-mail DavidD.J.Rhodes@
ALAN S. PAAU AGUK.ZENECA.COM
University ofCalifornia,
Technology Transfer & Intellectual Property
PREFACE
Formulation vies with genetic engineering as The ultimate in efficacy - systemic formula
one of the two most important recent areas of tion - is obtained by the formation of the
progress in developing microorganisms for toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis in the tissues
use in agriculture and forestry. The subject of transgenic plants. While the application
has not previously been comprehensively target of these peroral pathogens is the in
covered at book length. Early formulation, sects' food, spraysofentomopathogenic fungi
stylized from that ofchemicals, led to many target the insects themselves because the
initial failures. This book goes back to basics, fungi attack through the insect cuticle, so can
i.e. ecological and biological knowledge, to control sucking as well as chewing insects.
analysethespecialrequirementswhenformu Although more susceptible than bacterial
lating microorganisms and to build up a spores to theenvironment, dry fungal conidia
detailed account of modern formulation formulated in oil provide a breakthrough, en
technology. The function of the organisms in abling their use in arid climates. The insect
nature is examined with a view to bettering pathogens have led progress in formulation
natural performance by mass producing their for sprays, but the fungi are also formulated
survival stages. These stages are optimized for usein the moistenvironmentofsoil. How
for storage and effectiveness, then mixed ever, formulations for soil have mainly been
with carriers, supplemented by a wide range developed for three other types oforganisms:
of additives that further improve efficiency those used tocontrolplantdiseases, tocontrol
and survival during harvest, storage and weeds, and to improve plant growth, largely
application, as well as protect and nurture with nitrifying organisms. Seeds can be used
the organisms afterwards while they lie in as vehicles, taking formulation into another
wait to take effect. There are 15 authors, all industry, that of seed treatment. Entomo
widely experienced in their own fields. pathogenic nematodes set the formulator the
Thescopeofthebookisbroad, spanning10 most demanding task, to preserve mobility
chapters. The scene is set by a description of and thepowerofsearch. Eachchapterconsid
application technology and machines, which ers researchneedsand probesthefuture,both
depend heavily on formulation to improve assessed overall in the final chapter. Because
efficiency. Bacterialandviralinsectpathogens these varied areas progressed largely inde
attack perorally and must be eaten to take pendently, intensive cross-referencing be
effect. These organisms are used to control tween chapters has been inserted to cross
mainly chewing, foliar pests, posing the de fertilize information between them.
manding task of creating an even, palatable Momentum for progress comes mainly
cover over the foliage, or they are used to from research interest and from design of
control larvae of vectors of human disease in products for sale. In this book, greatattention
waterbodies.Thistaskis particularlychallen has been paid to the needs of cost effective
gingfor spraysbecauseofthe particulate, live ness and user acceptance. The book is de
and/or proteinous nature of the organisms. signed for a wide readership. Thus readers
x Preface
new to the field are served by many practical chemistryandequipmentdesign. Information
illustrations; for experienced workers there is gleaned from a huge range of journals and
are in-depth analyses of available data and a patents; itoutweighsconfidential information
bewilderingarray ofadditives (including fail locked up in industry.
ures),showninTablesand Appendices.These Iwish to thank my teamofauthors, numer
analyses and models have enabled the best ous peer reviewers - particularly Peter J.
additives to be assessed in a concise text. Holloway, who assiduously applied his spe
Great effort has been devoted to making the cialist chemical knowledge - and all those
book reader-friendly. who so generously answered my appeal for
This bookwillinterestreaders from univer pre-publication material to push the book as
sities, government research laboratories and far ahead aspossible;alsomydaughterStella,
industry, as well as operatives of environ son-in-law Michael, grandson Robert Irons
mentally friendly pest and disease control, and my wife Sheila, for all their help and
whether they are engaged in research, devel support.
opment, commerce, teaching or practical use.
The disciplines involved are entomology, H. Denis Burges
botany, microbiology, virology, nematology, February 1998
ABBREVIATIONS
AAU Aedes aegypti unit ofmosquitocidal activity
AMEA acetamide-(3-mercaptoethylamine, humectant
a water activity
w
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
CDA controlled-droplet application
c.f.u. colony-forming unit
CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia
CMA corn meal agar
CMC carboxymethykellulose
CPV cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
DOT dissolved O tension
2
EDTA ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid
GCPF Global Crop Protection Federation (formerly GIFAP)
HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance of a surfactant
HV high-volume spray
IPA iso-propanol
IPM integrated pestmanagement
IU,ITU international units ofbacterial insecticidal activity
l.a.i. ratio ofleafsurface area ofa plant to the area ofground occupied by the plant
LAMEA lactamide-fJ-mercaptoethylamine, humectant
LDso lethal dose to kill half the test insects
LSTB lauryl sulphate tryptose broth
LTso lethal time to kill half the test insects
LV low-volume spray
mil 0.001 inch
MNPV multiple-embedded NPV
NMD number median diameter
NPV nuclear polyhedrosis (nucleopolyhedrosis) virus
OAR original activity ratio
OB see PIB
PEG polyethylene glycol
PGPR plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
PIB,OB (polyhedral) occlusion body of an NPV
POE [a]-(p-nonylphenyl)-w-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene)
PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
RH relative humidity
SMP solid matrix priming
ULV ultra low-volume spray
