Table Of ContentS Y M P O S IA OF T HE
I N T E R N A T I O N AL S O C I E TY
F OR C E LL B I O L O GY
V O L U ME 6
Formation and Fate of
Cell Organelles
Edited by
KATHERINE BREHME WARREN
National Institutes of Health, Cell Biology Study Section
Division of Research Grants
Bethesda, Maryland
1967
ACADEMIC PRESS
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions
begin.
MARCEL BESSIS, School of Medicine, University of Paris, Paris, France
(233)
B. R. BRINKLEY, Section of Cytology, Department of Biology, University
of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston,
Texas (175)
J. Γ. DANIELLI, Unit for Theoretical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and
Center for Theoretical Biology, State University of New York at
Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (239)
T. L. DORMANDY, Department of Chemical Pathology, Whittington Hos-
pital, London, England (275)
I. R. GIBBONS,1 The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts (99)
AHARON GIBOR,2 Rockefeller University, New York, New York (305)
AUDREY M. GLAUERT, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge,
England (19)
Α. V. GRIMSTONE, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, England (219)
MARTIN HAGOPIAN, Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, New York (71)
D. E. HOOKES,3 Department of Biophysics, University of London, Kings
College, London, England (115)
J. M. HOPKINS, Medical Research Council, Biophysics Research Unit,
London, England (115)
A. KLUG, Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology,
Cambridge, England (1)
MYRON C. LEDBETTER, Biology Department, Brookhaven National Lab-
oratory, Upton, New York (55)
J. A. LUCY,4 Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, England
(19)
1 Present address : Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii.
2 Present address : Department of Biological Sciences, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California.
3 Present address : Medical Research Council, Biophysics Research Unit, London,
England.
* Present address : Department of Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of
Medicine, University of London. London, England.
vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
A. H. MADDY, Chemical Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (255)
DANIEL MAZIA, Department of Zoology, University of California, Berke-
ley, California (39)
ERNEST C. POLLARD, Biophysics Department, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania (291)
SIR JOHN RANDALL, Department of Biophysics, University of London,
King's College, London, England (115)
RUTH SAGER, Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the
City University of New York, New York, New York (317)
DAVID SPIRO, Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, New York, New York (71)
ELTON STUBBLEFIELD, Section of Cytology, Department of Biology, Uni-
versity of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute,
Houston, Texas (175)
PREFACE
This symposium is concerned with the manner in which cellular struc-
tures arise from the component molecules. From the study of the behavior
of relatively simple viruses it has been shown that some simple structures
may arise by spontaneous aggregation. We must therefore ask the ques-
tion: Can all cellular organelles and cells themselves arise by spontane-
ous assembly, or is some regulation involved? If regulation is involved:
What are the mechanisms of regulation?
In some cases, regulation may be very simple in nature. For example,
the protein of tobacco mosaic virus will assemble spontaneously to give
linear helical aggregates which are not determinate in length. But the
RNA which is characteristic of this virus has a defined length, so that
in the presence of both RNA and protein regulation of size appears.
Another simple mechanism is available through nucleation—the presence
of a large number of identical protein units may not, in itself, be a
sufficient condition for assembly, i.e., the presence of a second molecular
species which can nucleate may be necessary. Regulation of the number
of structures formed may thus depend on nucleation. A third type of
regulation may involve different conformations of a given species of
macromolecule. In one conformation the sites required for intermolecular
interaction leading to assembly may be concealed, and in a second
conformation suitable sites may be exposed. The distribution of a macro-
molecular species among its possible conformations can often be con-
trolled by the presence or absence of a species of small molecule. Regu-
lation may then be effected by controlling the concentration of the
small molecular species.
If we wish to do more than observe spontaneous assembly and regula-
tion, we must be able to calculate the differences in free energy of the
molecules in their various states. The lower the free energy of a particu-
lar array of molecules, the more stable will be that array, so that know-
ing the free energies we can not only observe, but also predict, what
arrays will form. Successful prediction is the hallmark of true under-
standing in this as in most other branches of science. To make these
predictions we need to know accurately the magnitude of intermolecular
forces.
vii
viii PREFACE
In a structure which has resulted from spontaneous assembly, stability
of forms depends upon the detailed nature of the bonding. Thus, in
tobacco mosaic virus the free energy of addition of protein subunits to
the helical nucleoprotein structure is of the order of 7000 calories. In
a phospholipid bilayer the free energy of addition of phospholipid
molecules to the bilayer is about 20,000 calories. Consequently, both
structures are stable in the sense that they are not readily destroyed by
thermal agitation at physiological temperatures. However, the mor-
phology of the virus is stable, whereas that of the bilayer is not. This
arises from the fact that the bonding in the virus has stereochemical
specificity, whereas in the bilayer this is not so.
In this report, the contributors present their views on a variety of
aspects of the problem of spontaneous assembly ; the volume is concluded
by a review of some recent work on cytoplasmic inheritance. This focuses
our attention on some presently unsolved problems; for example, why is
it that, whereas most of the enzymes of mitochondria are coded for in
the nuclear DNA, nevertheless there is DNA in the mitochondria them-
selves. The problem of regulation of assembly is scarcely touched in
this volume, but the papers contributed make it abundantly clear that
it must soon receive concentrated attention.
The International Society for Cell Biology wishes to record its thanks
to the International Union of Biological Sciences for partial support of
the symposium.
JAMES F. DANIELLI
Center for Theoretical Biology
State University of New York at Buffalo
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES
Volume 1—The Interpretation of Ultrastructure
Chemical Fixatives for Electron Microscopy
Bjôrn A. Afzelius
Water-Soluble Embedding Media for Ultrastructural Cytochemistry. Digestion with
Nucleases and Proteinases
Elizabeth H. Leduc and Wilhelm Bernhard
Critical Evaluation of Ultrastructural Patterns with Respect to Fixation
Fritioj S. Sjostrand
Interpretation of Ultrastructure in the Cell Nucleus
Hans Ris
Correlation of Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction Data in Ultrastructure
Studies of Lipoprotein Membrane Systems
J. B. Finean
Quantitative Electron Microscopy
R. E. Burge
Cytology and Microcytology of Living and Fixed Cytoplasmic Constituents in
the Eggs of Tubijex and the Cell of Amoeba proteus
Fritz E. Lehmann, Markus Henzen, and Friedenke Geiger
Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles
Susumu Ito
Nucleosidephosphatase Activities of Cytomembranes
Alex B. Novikoff, Edward Essner, Sidney Goldfischer, and Margareta Heus
Combination of Cytochemical Staining Methods for Enzyme Localization with
Electron Microscopy
S. J. Holt and R. Marian Hicks
Nucleoprotein Localization in Electron Micrographs: Metal Binding and Radio-
autography
Hewson Swijt
The Study of Natural and Artificial DNA-Plasms by Thin Sections
Edward Kellenberger
Negative Staining and Its Use in the Study of Viruses and Their Serological
Reactions
Thomas F. Anderson
xi
xii CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES
An Assessment of Negative Staining Techniques for Revealing Ultrastructure
R. C. Valentine and R. W. Home
The Finer Structure of the Mitotic Apparatus
Patricia Harris and Daniel Mazia
Interpretation of the Ultratexture in Growing Plant Cell Walls
A. Frey-Wyssling
The Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction Analysis of Natural Cellulose
R. D. Preston
The Molecular Structure of Lipid-Water Systems and Cell Membrane Models
Studied with the Electron Microscope
Walther Stoeckenius
The Evolution of Intracellular Phospholipid Membrane Systems
Ε. H. Mercer
Recovery of Virus from the Blood of Rats with Induced Leukaemia
A. J. Dalton and J. B. Moloney
Electron Microscopy in the Study of Embryonic Differentiation
Rudolf Weber
New Approaches in the Study of Biological Ultrastructure by High-Resolution
Electron Microscopy
H. Fernândez-Morân
AUTHOR INDEX
Volume 2—Cell Growth and Cell Division
Independent Cycles of Cell Division and of DNA Synthesis in Tetrahymena
Erik Zeuthen
Cell Division and Growth Studies on Synchronized Flagellates
T. W. James
Macronuclear Variability of Blepharisma Associated with Growth
Henry I. Hirshjield, Laura Chunosoff, and A. Vasanthi Bhandary
Facets of Intracellular Regulation of Meiosis and Mitosis
Herbert Stern and Yasuo Hotta
Nucleotide Metabolism and Ribosomal Activity during Synchronized Cell Division
Paul Plesner
The Integration of Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Bacteria
0. Maal0e and C. G. Kurland
RNA and Protein Replacement in the Nucleus during Growth and Division and
the Conservation of Components in the Chromosome
D. M. Prescott
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xiii
RNA and Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions
Lester Goldstein
The Cell Cycle of a Fission Yeast
J. M. Mitchison
Control Mechanisms for Chromosome Reproduction in the Cell Cycle
J. Herbert Taylor
Les Facteurs de la Croissance de Tumeurs associées à des Organes embryonaires de
Poulet
Etienne Wolff et Emilienne Wolff
Dynamisme de PAna-télophase et Cytodiérèse
/. Fautrez
Some Observations Concerning Cell Movement and Cell Cleavage
L. G. E. Bell
A New Theory on the Mechanism of Cell Division
S. Geljant
Force of Cleavage of the Dividing Sea Urchin Egg
Katsuma Dan
Some Problems of Cleavage in Relation to the Cell Membrane
L. Wolpert
Application de Techniques Cytologiques modernes à l'Étude du Problème des
Amitoses dans les Bourgeons musculaires
R. Bassleer
Le Problème de l'Amitose
Otto Bûcher
Cytoplasmic Deoxyribonucleic Acids : Their Mitochondrial Localization and Synthesis
in Somatic Cells under Experimental Conditions and during the Normal Cell Cycle
in Relation to the Preparation for Mitosis
M. Chèvremont
AUTHOR INDEX
Volume 3—Cytogenetics of Cells in Culture
Cytogenetic Alterations in Mixed Cultures of Mammalian Somatic Cells in Vitro
Georges Barski
Hybridization of Somatic Cells in Vitro
Boris Ephrussi, Lawrence J. Scaletta, Morton A. Stenchever, and Michihiro C.
Yoshida
Selection Pressure in Mammalian Cell Populations
C. E. Ford
xiv CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES
Phase Cinematography Studies on the Effects of Radiation and of Some Chemicals
on Cells and Chromosomes
Yuh H. Nakanishi and Sajiro Makino
Cellular Interpretation of Aspects of the Acute Mammalian Radiation Syndrome
Theodore T. Puck
Retention of Euploidy and Mutagenicity of Heterochromatin in Culture
George Yerganian, Ti Ho, and Sah Sook Cho
The Nature, Origin, and Genetic Implications of Structural Abnormalities of the
Sex Chromosomes in Man
M. Fraccaro and J. Lindsten
Chromosome Studies in the General Population
Patricia A. Jacobs
Altérations Chromosomiques dans des Cellules Cultivées en Présence d'Extraits
Tissulaires Hétérospécifiques
/. Frederic et J. Corin-Frederic
Chromosomal Studies on Human Leucocytes following Treatment with Radioactive
Iodine in Vivo and in Vitro
H. Oishi and C. M. Pomerat
The Limited in Vitro Lifetime of Human Diploid Cell Strains
Leonard Hay flick and Paul S. Moorhead
Regulation of DNA Replication and Variegation-Type Position Effects
J. Herbert Taylor
Identification and Characterization of Human Chromosomes by DNA Replication
Sequence
James German
Mutagenic Response of Human Somatic Cell Lines
Waclaw Szybalski, G. Ragni, and Naomi K. Cohn
DNA Synthesis and Chromosomal Morphology of Chinese Hamster Cells Cultured
in Media Containing A^-Deacetyl-A'-methylcolchicine (Colcemid)
Elton Stubblefield
Heterochromatin in the Human Male
A. Lima-de-Faria and J. Reitalu
Chromosome Breakage Associated with Viruses and DNA Inhibitors
Warren W. Nichols, Albert Levan, and Bengt A. Kihlman
Quantitation and Automation of Chromosomal Data with Special Reference to the
Chromosomes of the Hampshire Pig (Sus scrofa)
Frank H. Ruddle
AUTHOR INDEX
