Forfar and Arneil's Textbook of Pediatrics

1720 Pages·2008·54.27 MB·English

by  Neil McIntosh

Seventh Edition
Forfar & Arneil’s
TEXTBOOK
of PEDIATRICS

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Seventh Edition
Forfar & Arneil’s
TEXTBOOK
of PEDIATRICS
Edited by
Neil McIntosh
DSc(Med) FRCP(Edin) FRCP(Lond) FRCPCH
Professor of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh;
Honorary Consultant Paediatrician, Lothian University Hospitals NHS Trust, Edinburgh, UK
Peter J. Helms
MB BS PhD FRCP(Edin) FRCPCH
Professor of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Rosalind L. Smyth
MA MB BS MD FRCPCH F Med Sci
Brough Professor of Paediatric Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Stuart Logan
MB ChB MSc(Epidemiology) MSc(politics) MRCP FRCPCH
Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology; Director, Institute of Health Research, Peninsula Medical Service School,
St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, UK
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2008
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© 2003, Elsevier Limited.
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First edition 1973
Second edition 1978
Third edition 1984
Fourth edition 1992
Fifth edition 1998
Sixth edition 2003
Seventh edition 2008
ISBN 978–0–443–10396–4
IE ISBN 978–0–443–10397–1
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Note
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and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of
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10001
Preface
One of the most important developments in the 21st century publishing and consequently another important new feature for
has been the acknowledgment that clinical practice should be this edition is a website of the text in which references listed
embedded where possible in a sound evidence base. The editors in PUBMED can be accessed via the internet. We would like
of this new edition of Forfar & Arneil’s Textbook of Pediatrics to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of the many
continue to set contributors the challenging task of ensuring individual authors and our chapter editors, without whom this
that the statements and recommendations made are based on ambitious project would not have been possible. It has been a
the most robust clinical research available. The objective assess- great privilege to work with them. We would also like to thank
ment of evidence and the formulation of secure recommenda- our own secretaries for their unstinting help (Elaine Forbes,
tions from the evidence are gathering pace. In Child Health the Flora Buthlay, Collette Lorne and Stella Taylor) and of course
evidence base, with the possible exception of disciplines such as our respective families for sharing the burden with us.
oncology and neonatology, is not as comprehensive or as well
defined as we would wish. This edition of Forfar & Arneil con- As with previous editions the book is produced by the Elsevier
tinues to flag up the most important evidence sources for the Organization. There have been many highly professional people
content of each chapter. The whole book has been revised and involved. We hope that this new 7th edition with its expanded
updated and the chapter authors and editors again incorporate formal evidence base will be well received by you, the reader,
where possible secure evidence of therapy, diagnosis, etiology and become as trusted a friend and guide as have previous
and prognosis. This evidence is incorporated into the individ- editions.
ual chapters and in the chapter reference list is starred for easy
reference. We believe that the result is the most comprehensive Neil McIntosh
evidence-based general textbook of pediatrics available. Our Peter J. Helms
ability to access best evidence has been greatly enhanced by Rosalind L. Smyth
the rapid advances of information technology and electronic Stuart Logan

10001
Contributors
Ishaq Abu-Arafeh, MBBS, MD, MRCP, FRCPCH Paul L.P. Brand, MD Andrew Gavin Cleary, MB ChB BSc MSc MRCPCH
Consultant in Paediatrics and Paediatric Consultant Paediatrician and Director of Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist, Royal
Neurology, Stirling Royal Infirmary, Stirling; Postgraduate Education, Princess Amalia Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Honorary Consultant Paediatrician, Fraser of Children’s Clinic, Isala klinieken, Zwolle,
Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital The Netherlands J. Brian S. Coulter, MD FRCP(I) FRCPCH
Honorary Clinical Lecturer in Tropical
for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
Colin E. Bruce, MB ChB FRCS FRCS(ORTH) Child Health, Liverpool School of Tropical
N. Archer, MA FRCP FRCPCH DCH Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Medicine, Liverpool, UK
Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist, Oxford Surgeon, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital,
Children’s Hospital, Oxford; Honorary Liverpool, UK Jonathan Coutts, MB ChB FRCPCH FRCP(Glas)
Consultant Neonatal and Respiratory
Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK Helen Budge, BA BM BCh PhD MRCP FRPCH Paediatrician, The Queen Mother’s Hospital
Associate Professor of Neonatology, and Royal Hospital for Sick Children,
Peter D. Arkwright, FRCPCH DPhil University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Glasgow, UK
Lecturer in Child Health, Department of UK
Child Health, University of Manchester, Richard Coward, MB ChB MRCPCH PhD
Manchester, UK Neil R.M. Buist, MB ChB FRCPE DCH MRC Clinician Scientist and Consultant
Professor Emeritus, Departments of Paediatric Nephrologist, Bristol Royal
Ian A. Auchterlonie, MB ChB FRCPCH FRCP Paediatrics and Medical Genetics, Oregon Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Honorary Consultant Paediatrician (Retired), Health and Science University, Portland,
Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, Oregon, USA Finella Craig, BSc MBBS MRCP
Consultant in Paediatric Palliative Care,
Aberdeen, UK
Nigel Peter Burrows, MD FRCP Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children,
Alastair J. Baker, MB ChB FRCP FRCPCH Consultant Dermatologist and Associate London, UK
Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist, King’s Lecturer, Department of Dermatology,
College Hospital, London, UK Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK Timothy J. David, MB ChB MD PhD FRCP FRCPCH
DCH
Susan V. Beath, BSc MB BS MRCP DTM&H FRCPCH Andrew Bush, MD FRCP FRCPCH Professor of Child Health and Paediatrics,
Consultant Paediatric Hepatologist, The Professor of Paediatric Respirology, Imperial Honorary Consultant Paediatrician, The
Liver Unit, Birmingham Childrens Hospital, College, London; Honorary Consultant University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Birmingham, UK Paediatric Chest Physician, Royal Brompton
Hospital, London, UK Joyce E. Davidson, BSc MBChB MRCP (UK) FRCPCH
Thomas F. Beattie, MB MSc FRCSEd(A&E), FCEM, Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist, Royal
FRCPE, FFSEM, DCH Gary Butler, MB BS MD FRCPCH Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, and
Consultant in Emergency Medicine, Royal Professor of Paediatrics, Institute of Health Royal Hospital for Sick Children,
Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Sciences, University of Reading and Edinburgh, UK
Honorary Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Berkshire
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Hospital, Reading, UK E. Graham Davies, MB BChir MA FRCPCH
Consultant Paediatric Immunologist, Great
Julie-Clare Becher, MB ChB MRCPCH MD Catherine M. Cale, MB ChB PhD MRCP MRCPCH Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
Consultant Neonatologist, Simpson Centre MRCPath
for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Consultant in Paediatric Immunology Jan Dudley, BM MRCP(UK) FRCPCH PhD
Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Bristol
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Immunopathology, Department of
Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital,
W. Michael Bisset, BSc MB ChB DCH MSc MD London, UK P. Barton Duell, MD
FRCPE FRCPCH
Associate Professor of Medicine, Division
Consultant Paediatric Gastroenterologist, Harry Campbell, MD FRCPE FFPH FRSE
of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical
Department of Medical Paediatrics, Royal Professor of Genetic Epidemiology and
Nutrition; director, Lipid-Atherosclerosis
Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, Aberdeen, UK Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine
Laboratory and Metabolic Disorders Clinic,
and Vet Medicine, University of Edinburgh,
Peter S. Blair, PhD Edinburgh, UK Oregon Health and Science University,
Medical Statistician, Senior Research Fellow, Portland, Oregon
University of Bristol, Division of Child Health, Andrew J. Cant, BSc MD FRCP FRCPH
Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK Consultant in Paediatric Immunology and Heather Elphick, MB ChB MRCP MRCPCH MD
Specialist Registrar in Respiratory
Infectious Diseases, Newcastle General
Paula H.B. Bolton-Maggs, FRCPCH FRCP FRCPath Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Paediatrics, Sheffield Children’s Hospital,
Consultant Haematologist, Manchester Sheffield, UK
Comprehensive Care Haemophilia Centre, Michael Clarke, BSc MRCP DCH FRCPCH
Department of Clinical Haematology, Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Leeds Nicholas D. Embleton, BSc MD FRCPCH
Consultant in Neonatal Medicine and
Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK xv
xvi Contributors
Honorary Lecturer in Child Health, Newcastle Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle and Science University, Portland,
Neonatal Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, upon Tyne, and Children’s Bone Marrow Oregon, USA
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Transplant Unit, Newcastle General Hospital,
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK C. Anthony Hart, BScMB BS PhD FRCPCH FRCPath
Gregory M. Enns, MB ChB Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology,
Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Diana Gibb, MD FRCPCH MSc School of Infection and Host Defence,
Biochemical Genetics Program, Division Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool , UK
of Medical Genetics, Stanford University, MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College
Stanford, California, USA London, London, UK Paul T. Heath, MB BS FRACP FRCPCH
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant,
Jeremy Farrar, FRCP DPhil OBE K. Michael Gibson, PhD, FACMG Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division
Professor of Tropical Medicine Oxford Professor, Pediatrics, Pathology and Human of Child Health, St George’s University of
University; Honorary Professor of Genetics, Division of Medical Genetics, London, London, UK
International Health, London School of Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London; of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Peter J. Helms, MB BS PhD FRCP(Edin) FRCPCH
Professor of Child Health, University of
Director, Oxford University Clinical Research PA, USA
Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Unit, The Hospital for Tropical Diseases,
Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Barbara Golden, BSc MB BCh BAO MD FRCPI John Henderson, MD FRCP FRCPCH FRCPEd
FRCPCH DCH RNutr
Reader in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine,
Colin D. Ferrie, BSc MB ChB MD MRCP FRCPCH Associate Dean (Medicine), Clinical Senior
University of Bristol and Bristol Royal
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Lecturer, Honorary Consultant International
Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds Child Health, Child Health Institute,
General Infirmary, Leeds, UK School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Tom Hilliard, MD FRCPCH
Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, Consultant Respiratory Paediatrician, Bristol
Alistair R. Fielder, FRCP FRCS FRCOphth Aberdeen, UK Children’s Hospital, Bristol, UK
Professor of Ophthalmology, Department
of Optometry and Visual Science, City John M. Goldsmid, BSc MSc PhD FRCPath FACTM Peter Hoare, DM FRCPsych
University, London, UK FASM CBiol FIBiol FAIBiol HonFRCPA HonFACTM Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh;
Emeritus Professor, Discipline of Pathology, Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, Royal
Brian W. Fleck, MD FRCOph University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
Consultant Ophthalmologist, Edinburgh
Australia
Royal Infirmary and Edinburgh Royal
Richard F. Howard, BSc MBChB FRCA
Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK John R.W. Govan, BSc PhD DSc Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain
Professor of Microbial Pathogenicity,
Management, Great Ormond Street Hospital
Peter J. Fleming, PhD MB ChB FRCPCH FRCP Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of
for Children, London, UK
FRCP(C) Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
Professor of Infant Health and
Imelda Hughes, FRCPCH
Developmental Physiology, University of Stephen M. Graham, FRACP Consultant Paediatric Neurologist,
Bristol; Consultant Paediatrician, Royal Paediatric Research Fellow and Deputy
Department of Paediatric Neurology,
Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK Director Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital,
Clinical Research Programme, University
Caroline Foster, MB BS MRCP of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Manchester, UK
Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, Imperial
Malawi; Senior Clinical Lecturer, Liverpool Robert Hume, BSc MB ChB PhD FRCPEdin FRCPCH
College London; SPR Paediatric HIV,
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK Professor of Developmental Medicine,
St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Maternal and Child Health Sciences,
Yvonne Freer, RGN RM RSCN BSc PhD Anne Green, BSc MSc PhD FRCPath FRCS FIBiol University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
FRCPCH.
Research and Practice Development
Consultant Clinical Scientist, Birmingham Carol Inward, MBBCh MD FRCPCH
Facilitator, Neonatal Intensive Care, Simpson
Children’s Hospital NHS Trust, Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Bristol
Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal
Birmingham, UK Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Marcus Grompe, MD David Isaacs, MB BChir MD FRACP FRCPCH
Vijeya Ganesan, MRCPCH, MD Director, Oregon Stem Cell Center; Professor, Senior Staff Specialist at Children’s Hospital
Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Neurology,
Department of Molecular and Medical at Westmead; Clinical Professor in Paediatric
Institute of Child Health, University College
Genetics, Oregon and Health Science University, Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney,
London, London, UK
Portland, Oregon, USA Sydney, Australia
Anne S. Garden, FRCOG Henry L. Halliday, FRCPE FRCP FRCPCH Omar Ismayl, MD MSc MRCPCH
Head of Department of Medicine and
Chair of Child Health and Welfare Research Consultant Neurologist, Damascus University
Director of the Centre for Medical Education,
Group, Department of Child Health, Queen’s Children’s Hospital, Mezza, Damascus, Syria
Lancaster University, Lancaster; Honorary
University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Consultant in Paediatric and Adolescent Huw R. Jenkins, MA MD FRCP FRCPCH
Gynaecology, Royal Liverpool Children’s Christina Halsey, BM BCh BA MRCP MRCPath Consultant Paediatric Gastroenterologist,
Hospital, Liverpool; Honorary Consultant Leukaemia Research Fund Clinical Research Department of Child Health, University
Gynaecologist, University Hospitals Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK
Morecambe Bay Trust, Morecambe, UK University, Glasgow, UK
Cheryl A. Jones, MB BS PhD FRACP
Andrew R. Gennery, MD MRCP MRCPCH Cary O. Harding, MD Associate Professor, and Sub Dean
DCH DipMedSci Assistant Professor, Molecular and Medical Postgraduate Studies, Discipline of
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Genetics; Director of the Biochemical Paediatrics and Child Health, University of
in Paediatric Immunology, BMT Institute of Genetics Clinical Laboratory, Oregon Health Sydney; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Contributors xvii
Christopher J.H. Kelnar, MA MD FRCP FRCPCH Alison Leaf, BSc MB ChB MD MRCP FRCPCH Ian McKinley, OBE BSc MB ChB DCH FRCP FRCPCH
Professor of Paediatric Endocrinology, Consultant Neonatologist, Southmead Senior Lecturer in Child Health, McKay-
Section of Child Life and Health, Division of Hospital, Bristol, UK Gordon Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s
Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Hospital, Manchester, UK
Malcolm I. Levene, MD FRCPCH FMedSc
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sheila A.M. McLean, LLB MLitt PhD LLD FRSE
Alison M. Kemp, MB BCH DCH MRCP University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, FRCGP FMedSci FRCP(Edin) FRSA
FRCPCH FRCP(Edin) Leeds, UK International Bar Association Professor of
Reader in Child Heath, Department of Child Law and Ethics in Medicine, University of
Leesa M. Linck, MD MPH
Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales Glasgow, UK
Consultant Paediatrician,
Alastair I.G. Kerr, MBChB FRCS(Edin & Glas) The Connty Clinic, Winthrop, Sabine Maguire, MB BCh BAO MRCPI FRCPI FRCPCH
Consultant Otolaryngologist, Ear, Nose and Washington State, USA. Senior Lecturer in Child Health, Cardiff
Throat Department, Royal Infirmary for Sick University, Department of Child Health,
John H. Livingston, MB ChB FRCP FRCPCH
Children, Edinburgh, UK Cardiff, UK
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist,
Alison M. Kesson, MB BS PhD FRACP FRCPA Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds Janice Main, FRCP(Edin) FRCP(Lond)
Virologist, Microbiologist and Paediatric General Infirmary, Leeds, UK Reader and Consultant Physician in
Infectious Disease Physician, The Children’s Infectious diseases and General Medicine,
Stuart Logan, MB ChB MSc(Epidemiology)
Hospital, Westmead, Sydney New South Department of Medicine, Imperial College,
MSc(Econ) MRCP FRCPCH
Wales; Conjoint Associate Professor, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
Professor of Paediatric Epidemiology;
Paediatrics and Child Health, University of
Sydney, Sydney New South Wales, Australia Director, Institute of Health and Social Guy Makin, BA BM BCh PhD MRCP FRCPCH
Care Research, Peninsula Medical School, Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Oncology,
Maurice A. Kibel, FRCP(Edin) DCH(Lond). St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, UK University of Manchester; Honorary
Emeritus Professor of Child Health, School Consultant Paediatric Oncologist,
Diana N.J. Lockwood, BSc MD FRCP
of Child and Adolescent Health,University of Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital,
Consultant Physician and Leprologist,
Cape Town, South Africa Manchester, UK
Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK
Denise Kitchiner, MD FRCP FRCPCH Andrew J. Lyon, MA MB FRCP FRCPCH Timothy Martland, MB ChB MRCP MRCPCH
Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist, Consultant Paediatric Neurologist,
Consultant Neonatologist, Simpson Centre
Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust, Department of Paediatric Neurology,
for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of
Liverpool, UK Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital,
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Manchester, UK
Nigel J. Klein, BSc MB BS MRCP PhD FRCPCH Ronan Lyons, MD FFPH FFPHMI MPH DCH
Professor of Infection and Immunity, Professor of Public Health, Centre for Health Amha Mekasha, MD MSc
University College London; Head, Infectious Information, Research and Evaluation, Associate Professor of Paediatrics and Child
Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of School of Medicine, Swansea University, Health, Department of Paediatrics and
Child Health; Head, Department of Infection, Swansea, UK Child Health, Addis Ababa University,
University College London; Consultant in Adis Ababa, Ethiopia
Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Anita Macdonald, PhD BSc SRD
Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, Consultant Dietician in Inherited Metabolic Craig Mellis, MB BS MPH MD FRACP
London, UK Disorders, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Head of School, Associate Dean, Central
Birmingham, UK, Head of Dietetics, Clinic School, Faculty of Medicine, The
David M. Koeller, MD Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Trust, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Associate Professor, Pediatrics and Molecular Birmingham, UK
and Medical Genetics; Chief, Division Stefan Meyer, MD PhD MRCPCH
of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Mary McGraw, FRCP FRCPCH CRUK Clinician Scientist and Consultant
Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Paediatric Oncologist, Univeristy of
Health and Science University, Portland, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Manchester, Royal Manchester Children’s
Oregon, USA Bristol, UK Hospital and Young Oncology Unit, Christie
Hospital, Manchester, UK, Stefan Meyer MD
Sailesh Kotecha, MA FRCPCH PhD Keiran McHugh, FRCR FRCPI DCH PhD MRCPCH
Consultant Paediatric Radiologist, Great
Professor of Child Health, Department of
Child Health, Wales College of Medicine, Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Alan E. Mills, MA MB DCP DPath FRCPA.
Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK London, UK FFPathRCPI FACTM
Consultant Pathologist, Dorevitch Pathology,
Karen Kotloff, MD Neil McIntosh, DSc(Med) Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
Professor of Child Life and Health,
Professor, Pediatrics and Medicine, Center
for Vaccine Development, University of Department of Child Life and Health, Elizabeth Molyneux, OBE FRCP FRCPCH FEM
University of Edinburgh; Honorary Professor and Head of Department of
Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Consultant Paediatrician, Lothian University Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre,
Maryland, USA
Hospitals NHS Trust, Edinburgh, UK Malawi, C Africa.
Ian A. Laing, MA MD FRCPE FRCPCH
Consultant Neonatologist, Simpson Centre G.A. Mackinlay, MB BS LRCP FRCSEd Malcolm E. Molyneux, MD FRCP FMedSci
FRCSEng FRCPCH Director, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust
for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of
Senior Lecturer, Department of Clinical Clinical Research Programme, College of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Surgery, University of Edinburgh; Consultant Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi;
David G. Lalloo, MB BS MD FRCP Paediatric Surgeon, Department of Paediatric Professor of Tropical Medicine, School of
Reader In Tropical Medicine, Liverpool Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool,
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK Edinburgh, UK Liverpool, UK
xviii Contributors
Kim Mulholland, MD FRACP Irene A.G. Roberts, MD FRCP FRCPath FRCPCH Children’s Hospital; Deputy Director,Oregon
Professor of Child Health, London School DRCOG Clinical and Translational Research Institute,
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, Professor of Paediatric Haematology and Oregon Health and Science University,
UK, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Consultant Paediatric Haematologist, Portland, Oregon, USA
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Hammersmith Hospital and St Mary’s
Ben Stenson, MD FRCPCH FRCPE
Medicine, London, UK Hospitals, Imperial College, London, UK
Consultant Neonatologist, Simpson Centre
Alan O. Mulvihill, FRCSI FRCSEd Peter T. Rudd, MD FRCPCH for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Princess Consultant Paediatrician, Royal United Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Alexandra Eye Pavilion and Royal Hospital Hospital, Bath, UK
Terence Stephenson, DM FRCP FRCPCH
for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
S.C. Robson, MD MRCOG Professor of Child Health; Dean,
Richard W. Newton, MD FRCPCH FRCP Professor of Fetal Medicine, School of Faculty of Medicine and Health
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist, Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle Sciences, Medical School, University of
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre,
Manchester, UK Nottingham, UK
Jean-Baptiste Roullet, PhD
Angus Nicoll, CBE FFPHM FRCP FRCPCH Associate Professor (Research), Division Stephen Stick, PhD MB BChir MRCP FRACP
Director, Communicable Disease Surveilaance of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Associate Professor, Department of
Centre, Centre for Infection, Health Oregon Health and Science University, Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret
Protection Agency, London, UK Portland, Oregon, USA; Adjunct Associate Hospital for Children, University of Western
Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Australia, Australia
James Y. Paton, MD, FRCPCH FRCPSG University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Reader in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Stephen Sturgiss, MD MRCOG
Canada
Division of Developmental Medicine, Consultant in Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine,
University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for George Rylance, MB FRCPCH Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon
Sick Children, Glasgow, UK Consultant in Paediatrics, Department of Tyne, UK
Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
Michael A. Patton, MA MSc MBChB FRCPCH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK David Sweet, MD FRCPCH
Professor of Medical Genetics and Consultant Consultant Neonatologist, Royal Maternity
Medical Geneticist, Department of Medical Moin A. Saleem, MB BS FRCP PhD Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Genetics, St George’s Hospital Medical Reader and Honorary Consultant Paediatric
Angela E. Thomas, MB BS PhD FRCPE FRCPath
School, London, UK Nephrologist, Bristol Children’s Hospital,
FRCPCH
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Consultant Paediatric Haematologist,
Philip L. Pearl, MD
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh,
Associate Professor of Paediatrics and Alison Salt, MB BS MSc FRACP FRCPCH
UK
Neurology, Department of Neurology, Consultant Developmental Paediatrician,
Children’s National Medical Center, Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Street James Tooley, MB BS MRCPCH
The George Washington University School Hospital for Children NHS Trust and Institute Consultant in Neonatal Medicine, Neonatal
of Medicine, Washington DC, USA of Child Health, London, UK Intensive Care Unit, St Michael’s Hospital,
Bristol, UK
Gale A. Pearson, MB BS MRCP FRCPCH Jenefer Sargent, MA MB BCh MSc MRCPCH
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Consultant Developmental Paediatrician, E. Jane Tizard, MB BS, FRCP FRCPCH
Care, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Bristol
Birmingham, UK Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
Stavros Petrou, BSc MPhil PhD Ayad Shafiq, FRCOphth MRCPPaeds DCH BM BCh Russell Viner, MB BS FRCPCH FRACP FRCP PhD
MRC Senior Non-Clinical Research Fellow, Consultant Ophthalmologist, Royal Victoria Consultant in Adolescent Medicine and
National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics,
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
Jonathan R. Skinner, MB ChB FRCPCH FRACP MD
Ian J. Ramage, FRCPCH Paediatric Cardiologist, Green Lane Paediatric Rachel Webster, BSc PhD DipRCPath
Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist, Royal and Cardiac Services, Starship Children’s Clinical Scientist, Department of Clinical
Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand Biochemistry, Birmingham Children’s
Hospital, Birmingham, UK
John J. Reilly, BSc PhD Alan Smyth, MA MB BS MRCP MD FRCPCH
Professor of Paediatric Energy Metabolism, Reader in Child Health, University of Philip D. Welsby, FRCP(Ed)
University Division of Developmental Nottingham; Honorary Consultant in Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Infectious
Medicine, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Disease Unit, Western General Hospital,
Glasgow, UK Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Edinburgh, UK
Trust, Nottingham, UK
J.M. Rennie, MD FRCP FRCPCH DCH Johannes Wildhaber, MD PhD
Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Neonatal Rosalind L. Smyth, MA MB BS MD FRCPCH Head, Division of Respiratory Medicine,
Medicine, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Brough Professor of Paediatric Medicine, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich,
Obstetric Hospital, University College London University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Switzerland
Hospitals, London
Robert D. Steiner, MD Anthony F. Williams, BSc DPhil MB BS
Sam Richmond, MB BS FRCP FRCPCH Professor, Pediatrics and Molecular and FRCP FRCPCH
Consultant Neonatologist, Sunderland Royal Medical Genetics; Vice Chair for Research, Reader in Child Nutrition, St George’s,
Hospital, Sunderland, UK Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher University of London, London, UK
Contributors xix
Bridget A. Wills, BmedSci BM BS MRCP DTM&H and Health, Department of Reproductive Christopher Wren, MB ChB FRCP FRCPCH
Clinical Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics, and Developmental Sciences, University of Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist, Freeman
University of Oxford – Wellcome Trust Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City,
Rachael Wood, BSc MB ChB DCH MFH MFPH
Vietnam
Clinical Academic Fellow, Department
David C. Wilson, MD FRCP FRCPCH of Public Health Sciences and Centre for
Senior Lecturer in Paediatric International Public Health Policy University
Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Child Life of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK