Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning: Concepts and Case Studies

460 Pages·2014·12.14 MB·English

by  Matti Maltamo

Managing Forest Ecosystems
Matti Maltamo
Erik Næsset
Jari Vauhkonen Editors
Forestry
Applications of
Airborne Laser
Scanning
Concepts and Case Studies
Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning
Managing Forest Ecosystems
Volume27
SeriesEditors:
KlausvonGadow
Georg-August-University,
Göttingen,Germany
TimoPukkala
UniversityofJoensuu,
Joensuu,Finland
and
MargaridaTomé
InstitutoSuperiordeAgronomía,
Lisbon,Portugal
Aims&Scope:
Well-managedforestsandwoodlandsarearenewableresource,producingessentialrawmaterialwith
minimumwasteandenergyuse.Richinhabitatandspeciesdiversity,forestsmaycontributetoincreased
ecosystem stability. They can absorb the effects of unwanted deposition and other disturbances and
protectneighbouringecosystemsbymaintainingstablenutrientandenergycyclesandbypreventing
soil degradation and erosion. They provide much-needed recreation and their continued existence
contributestostabilizingruralcommunities.
Forestsaremanagedfortimberproductionandspecies,habitatandprocessconservation.Asubtle
shiftfrommultiple-usemanagementtoecosystemsmanagementisbeingobservedandthenewecological
perspective of multi-functional forest management is based on the principles of ecosystem diversity,
stabilityandelasticity,andthedynamicequilibriumofprimaryandsecondaryproduction.
Makingfulluseofnewtechnologyisoneofthechallengesfacingforestmanagementtoday.Resource
informationmustbeobtainedwithalimitedbudget.Thisrequiresbettertimingofresourceassessment
activities and improved use of multiple data sources. Sound ecosystems management, like any other
managementactivity,reliesoneffectiveforecastingandoperationalcontrol.
The aim of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems is to present state-of-the-art research
resultsrelatingtothepracticeofforestmanagement.Contributionsaresolicitedfromprominentauthors.
Eachreferencebook,monographorproceedingsvolumewillbefocusedtodealwithaspecificcontext.
Typicalissuesoftheseriesare:resourceassessmenttechniques,evaluatingsustainabilityforeven-aged
anduneven-agedforests,multi-objectivemanagement,predictingforestdevelopment,optimizingforest
management,biodiversitymanagementandmonitoring,riskassessmentandeconomicanalysis.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6247
Matti Maltamo (cid:129) Erik Næsset (cid:129) Jari Vauhkonen
Editors
Forestry Applications
of Airborne Laser Scanning
Concepts and Case Studies
123
Editors
MattiMaltamo ErikNæsset
SchoolofForestSciences DepartmentofEcologyandNatural
UniversityofEasternFinland ResourceManagement
Joensuu,Finland NorwegianUniversityofLifeSciences
Ås,Norway
JariVauhkonen
DepartmentofForestSciences
UniversityofHelsinki
Helsinki,Finland
ISSN1568-1319 ISSN2352-3956(electronic)
ISBN978-94-017-8662-1 ISBN978-94-017-8663-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-017-8663-8
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014935989
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014
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Preface
Use of airborne laser scanning to provide data for research and operational
applications in management of forest ecosystems has experienced a tremendous
growthsincethemid-1990sandtheamountofscientificpublicationsresultingfrom
thisactivityhasincreasedrapidly.Yetthereisnotextbookavailabletobringtogether
the results across this multitude of disciplines and synthesize on the state of the
art. The aim of this book is to fill this gap by providing a unique collection of
in-depth reviews and overviews of the research and application of airborne laser
scanninginabroadrangeofforest-relateddisciplines.However,thisbookismore
than just a collection of individual contributions – it consists of a well-composed
blendofchaptersdealingwithfundamentalmethodologicalissuesandcontributions
reviewingandillustratingtheuseofairbornelaserscanningwithinvariousdomains
of application. There are numerous cross-references between the various chapters
of the book which may be useful for readers who wish to get a more in-depth
understandingofaparticularissue.
We hope researchers, students, and practitioners will find this book useful. We
also hope that colleagues will find the book of value as part of the curriculum in
forestry schools and those schools offering courses in forest remote sensing and
forestecosystemassessmentsinabroadersense.
Thisbookistheresultofacollectiveeffortbymanygoodcolleaguesandfriends.
They are all listed by name as authors of the various chapters. In addition to the
authors of the chapters, many researchers around the world have helped us by
reviewing chapters and suggesting improvements. We would like to acknowledge
these external reviewers for their efforts to improve this book: Gregory P. Asner,
MathiasDisney,JamesW.Flewelling,JariKouki,PeterKrzystek,MikkoKurttila,
TomasLämås,EvaLindberg,SteenMagnussen,HåkanOlsson,PekkaSavolainen,
Svein Solberg, Göran Ståhl, and Valerie Thomas. The errors remaining are never-
thelessattributableentirelytotheauthors.
Joensuu,Finland MattiMaltamo
Ås,Norway ErikNæsset
Helsinki,Finland JariVauhkonen
v

Contents
1 IntroductiontoForestryApplicationsofAirborneLaser
Scanning..................................................................... 1
JariVauhkonen, MattiMaltamo, RonaldE.McRoberts,
andErikNæsset
PartI MethodologicalIssues
2 LaserPulseInteractionwithForestCanopy:Geometric
andRadiometricIssues .................................................... 19
AndreasRoncat,FelixMorsdorf,ChristianBriese,Wolfgang
Wagner,andNorbertPfeifer
3 Full-WaveformAirborneLaserScanningSystemsand
TheirPossibilitiesinForestApplications ................................ 43
MarkusHollaus,WernerMücke,AndreasRoncat,Norbert
Pfeifer,andChristianBriese
4 IntegratingAirborneLaserScanningwithDatafrom
GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystemsandOpticalSensors.............. 63
RubénValbuena
5 SegmentationofForesttoTreeObjects.................................. 89
BarbaraKoch, TejaKattenborn, ChristophStraub,
andJariVauhkonen
6 TheSemi-IndividualTreeCrownApproach ............................ 113
JohannesBreidenbachandRasmusAstrup
7 Tree Species Recognition Based on Airborne Laser
ScanningandComplementaryDataSources............................ 135
JariVauhkonen, HansOleØrka, JohanHolmgren,
MicheleDalponte,JohannesHeinzel,andBarbaraKoch
vii
viii Contents
8 EstimationofBiomassComponentsbyAirborneLaserScanning.... 157
SorinC.PopescuandMariusHauglin
9 PredictingTreeDiameterDistributions.................................. 177
MattiMaltamoandTerjeGobakken
10 A Model-Based Approach for the Recovery of Forest
AttributesUsingAirborneLaserScanningData ....................... 193
LauriMehtätalo,JukkaNyblom,andAnniVirolainen
PartII ForestInventoryApplications
11 Area-Based Inventory in Norway – From Innovation
toanOperationalReality.................................................. 215
ErikNæsset
12 Species-SpecificManagementInventoryinFinland.................... 241
MattiMaltamoandPetteriPackalen
13 InventoryofForestPlantations ........................................... 253
JariVauhkonen,JanRombouts,andMattiMaltamo
14 UsingAirborneLaserScanningDatatoSupportForest
SampleSurveys............................................................. 269
RonaldE.McRoberts,Hans-ErikAndersen,andErikNæsset
15 ModelingandEstimatingChange ........................................ 293
RonaldE.McRoberts, OleMartinBollandsås,
andErikNæsset
16 ValuationofAirborneLaserScanningBasedForestInformation.... 315
AnnikaKangas,TronEid,andTerjeGobakken
PartIII EcologicalApplications
17 AssessingHabitatsandOrganism-HabitatRelationships
byAirborneLaserScanning .............................................. 335
RossA.Hill,ShelleyA.Hinsley,andRichardK.Broughton
18 AssessingBiodiversitybyAirborneLaserScanning.................... 357
JörgMüllerandKerriVierling
19 AssessingDeadWoodbyAirborneLaserScanning.................... 375
MattiMaltamo, EveliinaKallio, OleMartinBollandsås,
ErikNæsset,TerjeGobakken,andAnnukkaPesonen
20 EstimationofCanopyCover,GapFractionandLeafArea
IndexwithAirborneLaserScanning..................................... 397
LauriKorhonenandFelixMorsdorf
Contents ix
21 CanopyGapDetectionandAnalysiswithAirborne
LaserScanning.............................................................. 419
BenoîtSt-Onge, UdayalakshmiVepakomma,
Jean-FrançoisSénécal, DanielKneeshaw,
andFrédérikDoyon
22 ApplicationsofAirborneLaserScanninginForestFuel
AssessmentandFirePrevention .......................................... 439
JohnGajardo,MarianoGarcía,andDavidRiaño
Index............................................................................... 463