Table Of Content✵
Forensic Psychology
THIRD EDITION
SOLOMON M. FULERO
Sinclair College
LAWRENCE S. WRIGHTSMAN
Universityof Kansas,Emeritus
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ForensicPsychology,ThirdEdition ©2009,2005Wadsworth,CengageLearning
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Brief Contents
PREFACE xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix
Chapter1 ForensicPsychology 1
Chapter2 ForensicPsychologists 26
Chapter3 PsychologyandLawEnforcement 52
Chapter4 Techniques ofCriminal Investigation 78
Chapter5 Insanity andCompetency 111
Chapter6 From Dangerousnessto RiskAssessment 132
Chapter7 “Syndrome”Evidence 147
Chapter8 ChildSexual Abuse 180
Chapter9 ChildCustodyandRelatedDecisions 198
Chapter10 ImprovingEyewitness Identification
Procedures 221
Chapter11 Interrogations andConfessions 245
Chapter12 TrialConsultation 277
Chapter13 Discrimination 307
Chapter14 SexualHarassment 330
Chapter15 DeathPenaltyTrialsandAppeals 345
Chapter16 InfluencingPublicPolicy 376
REFERENCES 397
INDEX 446
iii
✵
Contents
PREFACE xvi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xix
1 Forensic Psychology 1
What Is Forensic Psychology? 1
History of the Relationship Between Psychology and
the Law 5
The Applied Side 5
The Academic Side: The Role of Hugo Münsterberg 6
Reaction from the Legal Community 8
A Period of Inactivity 9
Resurgence in the 1970s 9
The Present 11
Conflicts Between Psychology and the Law 11
Laws and Values 12
What Determines “Truth”? 13
The Nature of Reality 16
The Legal System’s Criticisms of Psychology 17
Two Illustrative Court Decisions 18
The Future of the Relationship Between Psychology
and the Law 23
Summary 24
Key Terms 25
Suggested Readings 25
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
2 Forensic Psychologists 26
The Multitude of Forensic Psychology Roles and Activities 26
Specific Roles: Researcher 27
Specific Roles: Consultant to Law Enforcement 28
Specific Roles: The Trial Consultant 28
Specific Roles: Forensic Evaluator and Expert Witness 30
Evaluation and Assessment 30
Expert Witnessing 31
Specific Roles: Presentation of Psychology to Appellate Courts
and Legislatures 41
The Temptations of Forensic Psychology 47
Promising Too Much 48
Substituting Advocacy for Scientific Objectivity 48
Letting Values Overcome Empirical Findings 49
Doing a Cursory Job 49
Summary 50
Key Terms 50
Suggested Readings 50
3 Psychology and Law Enforcement 52
Who Are the Clienteles? 53
The Public 53
The Police Department 56
The Selection of Police 56
A History of Psychology and Police Selection 57
Tools for Psychological Selection 57
The Training of Police 66
Activities of a Psychologist in a Police Department 66
The Curriculum of Training Programs 67
On-the-Job Training 68
Specialized Training 68
Evaluating Effectiveness of Police Activities 73
Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations 73
Community Policing 74
Summary 76
Key Terms 76
Suggested Readings 77
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 Techniques of Criminal Investigation 78
Criminal Profiling and Forensic Psychology 79
Why Develop Criminal Profiles? 81
Definitions and Recurring Mysteries 81
False Stereotypes and Simplified Assumptions 82
The D.C. Sniper Case 83
What Is Criminal Profiling? 83
Definitions 83
Three Approaches to Criminal Profiling 84
Procedures Used in Criminal Profiling 88
Crime Scene Analysis and the Generation of Psychological
Profiles 88
How Effective Is Criminal Profiling? 91
Are Professional Profilers Better? 92
An Evaluation of Profiling 93
Psychological Autopsies 94
Guidelines 95
A Specific Case 95
Hypnosis in Criminal Investigations 97
Advocacy: Martin Reiser’s Position 97
The Hillside Strangler Case 98
Hypnosis of Witnesses and Victims 98
Research Reviews 99
Conclusions 99
Court Decisions 100
Guidelines 100
The Polygraph Technique 101
Use of the Polygraph in Interrogation 101
A Psychological Analysis 102
Research Evaluation 103
Criticisms of the Polygraph 104
The Current Legal Status 105
The Role of the Forensic Psychologist 106
Summary 107
Key Terms 108
Suggested Readings 109
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
5 Insanity and Competency 111
Insanity Determination 111
The Difficulty in Determining Insanity 112
Insanity Versus Psychosis 112
The Psychologist’s Roles in Insanity Cases 116
Assessment of Criminal Responsibility 116
Testifying as an Expert Witness 117
Assessing Competency 122
Competency to Plead Guilty 122
Competency to Stand Trial 123
Competency of Juveniles 127
Malingering 128
Summary 129
Key Terms 130
Suggested Readings 130
6 From Dangerousness to Risk Assessment 132
Risk Assessment and Predictions of Dangerousness 133
The “First Generation” of Research 133
Movement from Prediction of Dangerousness to Risk
Assessment 135
Prediction of Violence 136
Prediction of Sexual Offending 138
Prediction of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse 140
Domestic Violence 140
Child Abuse 142
Prediction of Suicide 142
The Debate over the Superiority of Actuarial versus Clinical
Prediction 143
Summary 144
Key Terms 145
Suggested Readings 145
7 “Syndrome” Evidence 147
The Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) 148
What Is a Syndrome? 148
Components of the Battered Woman Syndrome 150
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Relationship of BWS to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) 151
Role of the Forensic Psychologist in the Assessment of BWS 151
The BWS in Court 153
Battered Women Who Kill 153
Possible Defenses 154
The Use of a Psychologist as an Expert Witness on the Battered
Woman Syndrome 157
Reasons for Use of the Expert Witness 158
Cross-Examination 160
Procedural and Ethical Issues Regarding the Use of Expert
Witnesses 160
Admissibility of Expert Testimony on BWS 160
The Stance of the Expert Witness—Objectivity or Advocacy? 161
Jurors’ Reactions to BWS as a Part of Defense Evidence 161
Criticisms of the Use of the Battered Woman Syndrome and the
Battered Woman Defense 162
Defense of Women at Trial 163
Perpetuating the Battered Woman Stereotype:
The Passive, Helpless Woman 163
The Scientific Validity of the Battered Woman Syndrome 163
The Rape Trauma Syndrome 164
What Is the Rape Trauma Syndrome? 164
Phase I: Acute Crisis Phase 166
Phase II: Long-Term Reactions 167
The Relationship of RTS to PTSD 168
What Can a Psychologist Do? 169
Assessment 169
Testimony as an Expert Witness 170
Admissibility of Psychological Testimony on RTS 171
The Status of Research on RETS 174
Substituting PTSD for RTS 175
Postpartum Depression and Premenstrual Syndrome 175
Postpartum Depression 175
Premenstrual Syndrome 177
Summary 177
Key Terms 178
Suggested Readings 179
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
8 Child Sexual Abuse 180
The McMartin Preschool Case 180
The Charges and the Trials 181
The Issue 181
Roles for Psychologists 181
Evaluating the Child 182
Assessing Competency to Testify 182
Preparing the Child to Testify 182
Testifying as an Expert Witness 182
Assessing Allegations by the Child 183
Interviewing Techniques 183
Using the Criterion-Based Content Analysis Technique 185
Using Anatomically Detailed Dolls 186
Suggestions for Improving Procedures 188
Determining if the Child Is Competent to Testify 189
Children’s Rights when Testifying 190
Psychologists as Expert Witnesses 192
Types of Testimony for the Prosecution 192
Testimony for the Defense 194
Summary 195
Key Terms 196
Suggested Readings 196
9 Child Custody and Related Decisions 198
What Roles Can Psychologists Play? 200
Marriage Counselor 200
Mediator 200
Child Therapist 201
Court-Appointed Evaluator 202
Expert Witness 203
Applied Researcher 204
What Do Clienteles Want? 204
The Children 204
The Parents 204
The Judge 204
The Court-Appointed Evaluator 205
Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes 205
