Table Of Contentvi Contents
Contents i
Forensic and Clinical Applications of Solid Phase Extraction
ii Contents
F O R E N S I C
S C I E N C E A N D M E D I C I N E
Steven B. Karch, MD,SERIES EDITOR
FORENSIC AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION,byMichael J.
Telepchak, Thomas F. August, and Glynn Chaney, 2004
HANDBOOK OF DRUG INTERACTIONS:A CLINICALAND FORENSIC GUIDE,edited by
Ashrayf Mozayani and Lionel P. Raymon, 2004
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS:TOXICOLOGYAND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY,edited by Melanie
Johns Cupp and Timothy S. Tracy, 2003
BUPRENOPHINE THERAPY OF OPIATE ADDICTION, edited by Pascal Kintz and Pierre Marquet,
2002
BENZODIAZEPINES AND GHB: DETECTIONAND PHARMACOLOGY, edited by Salvatore J.
Salamone,2002
ON-SITE DRUG TESTING, edited by Amanda J. Jenkins and Bruce A. Goldberger, 2001
BRAIN IMAGING IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE:RESEARCH, CLINICAL,AND FORENSIC APPLICATIONS,
edited byMarc J. Kaufman,2001
TOXICOLOGY AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL PRODUCTS,
edited byMelanie Johns Cupp,2000
CRIMINAL POISONING:INVESTIGATIONAL GUIDEFOR LAW ENFORCEMENT, TOXICOLOGISTS,
FORENSIC SCIENTISTS,AND ATTORNEYS,
byJohn H. Trestrail, III,2000
A PHYSICIAN’S GUIDE TO CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE,
edited byMargaret M. Stark,2000
Contents iii
F
ORENSIC
C
AND LINICAL
A
PPLICATIONS
S P
OF OLID HASE
E
XTRACTION
Michael J. Telepchak, ,
BS MBA
Thomas F. August, ,
BS MS
and
Glynn Chaney, , ( )
MS TC NRCC
U C T I .,
NITED HEMICAL ECHNOLOGIES NC
B , PA
RISTOL
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
iv Contents
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
www.humanapress.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission
from the Publisher.
The content, opinions, and points of view expressed in this book are the sole work of the authors and editors, who have
warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. These views are not necessarily the views of the
organizations with whom the authors are employed (or otherwise associated). The publisher, editors, and authors are
not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in
this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents.
Production Editor: Mark J. Breaugh.
Cover design, layout, and photography by Mark K. Connelly.
This publication is printed on acid-free paper. (cid:39)
ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Photocopy Authorization Policy:
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted
by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
provided that the base fee of US $25.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center
at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from
the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Springer Scien ce+B usiness Media, LLC.
The fee code for usersof the Transactional Reporting Service is: [0-89603-648-0/04 $25.00].
ISBN978-1-61737-114-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Forensic and clinical applications of solid phase extraction / edit-
ed by Michael J. Telepchak, Thomas F. August, and Glynn Chaney.
p. cm. -- (Forensic science and medicine)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-114-1 ISBN 978-1-59259-292-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-292-0
1. Chemistry, Forensic. I. Telepchak, Michael J. 1955- II. August, Thomas F.
III. Chaney, Glynn IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Forensic Medicine. 2. Chemistry, Analytical. 3.
Toxicology. W 750 F7123 2004]
HV8073.F558 2004
614'.13--dc22
2003018154
Contents v
Preface
It is hoped that the soup-to-nuts approach used in organizing Forensic and Clinical
Applications of Solid Phase Extraction will provide the reader with a good basis for
developing the types of customized extractions that will need to be developed to solve
the practical problems associated with the analytical chemistry of toxicological problems.
There are books in which solid phase extraction (SPE) is summarized and reviewed
either independently or as part of some other field of endeavor. However, the present
work is different in that it is designed to be used as a laboratory reference manual in a
variety of forensic environments. It is also designed to provide a comprehensive review
of the principles that affect the outcome of novel extractions that researchers may wish to
perform.
Along with sections of history, theory, and chemistry, a significant number of
applications, troubleshooting, and appendices have been included to provide reference
tables and helpful data related to forensic analysis. The applications have been grouped
by drug types and matrices.
As we review the history of SPE and look at its application to very selective
extractions, one may reach the conclusion that SPE is being purported as a cure-all. This
is not the case. Rather, it is a powerful tool that seems to excel in separating specific
compounds from very complex matrices, and its improvement makes it extremely useful
for extracting both neutral drugs and polar metabolites. A good rule of thumb is that the
dirtier the matrix and more polar the compounds, the more likely SPE will be the best
choice for sample preparation.
Michael J. Telepchak, BS,MBA
Thomas F. August, BS,MS
Glynn Chaney, MS,TC(NRCC)
v
Contents vii
Dedication
To my wife and family, and all the people who did not get my time and attention
while this project was ongoing.
ToChristine Makai, my administrative assistant, for all the typing and organizing
she did and for tolerating me through this process.
To Ellen Smith, my administrative assistant, for all the typing and organizing she
did.
To Earl Brookins, UCT’s graphic specialist, for all the drawing and redrawing he
has done for this project and for helping to convert all of my thoughts in drawings.
ToUCT for allowing me all of the time and necessary resources to make this project
a reality, thereby making all this information available to its readers.
Michael J. Telepchak
vii
Contents ix
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................v
Dedication.........................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xi
Chapter 1: Introduction to Solid Phase Extraction .........................................1
Chapter 2: Silica-Based Solid Phase Extraction...........................................41
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Bonded Silicas...............................................55
Chapter 4: Bonded Phase Sorbent Synthesis................................................63
Chapter 5: Strategies for the Use of Solid Phase Extraction ........................91
Chapter 6: Optimizing Solid Phase Extraction Methods............................109
Chapter 7: Separation of Analytes from Their Matrices.............................129
Chapter 8: Solid Phase Extraction Troubleshooting...................................147
Chapter 9: Drug Methods for the Toxicology Lab .....................................169
Chapter 10: Selected Solid Phase Extraction Applications in Drug Analysis...245
Chapter 11: General Methods for Drug Isolation.........................................281
Chapter 12: Chemical Derivatization ...........................................................297
Appendix A: Glossary .................................................................................... 311
Appendix B: Reagents....................................................................................315
Appendix C: Preparation of Solutions and Buffers........................................317
Appendix D:Milliequivalent and Millimole Calculations.............................321
Appendix E: Selected Solvent Polarity and Property Scale...........................323
Appendix F: Buffers for Solid Phase Extraction ...........................................325
Appendix G:pK Reference for Solid Phase Extraction ................................327
a
Appendix H:RapidTrace® Operating Guide ..................................................335
Appendix I: Further Reading ........................................................................343
Index...............................................................................................................351
ix
Contents xi
Acknowledgments
The following is a list of people who directly and indirectly contributed to this
work. I am sure that there are many more whom I have not mentioned and I apologize
to them for any omissions.
KATHY RYMUT • Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
LISA O’DELL • REO Agency, Denver, CO
CHET KITCHENS • Merck & Co., West Point, PA
CHRISTINE MOORE • US Drug Testing, Chicago, IL
GERALD LONG • Quintiles, Atlanta, GA
BRUCE GOLDBERGER • University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
DAVID DARWIN • NIDA, Baltimore, MD
JONATHAN OYLER • NIDA, Baltimore, MD
LAUREEN MARINETTI • Montgomery County Medical Examiner’s Office, Dayton, OH
MICHELE GLINN • Michigan State Police, Lansing, MI
FRED HOUSE • Michigan State Police, Lansing, MI
JOSEPH SAADY • Medical College of VA Department of Pathology, Richmond, VA
DENNIS CROUCH • Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
JOSEPH TOUCHSTONE • Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
ALLEN RAY • Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, TX
ROBERT MACKENZIE • Michigan Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI
RANDALL STONE • Las Vegas Metro Police Forensic Lab, Las Vegas, NV
JOHN D’ASARO • United Chemical Technologies Inc., Bristol, PA
GUY PURNELL • Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office, Philadelphia, PA
FRANK CAPUTO • Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office, Philadelphia, PA
DAN ANDERSON • LA County Coroner’s Office, Los Angeles, CA
JOSEPH CRIFASI • St. Louis University Forensic Toxicology Lab, St. Louis, MO
STEVEN KOLLMAN • County of San Mateo, Redwood City, CA
LEON GLASS • United Chemical Technologies Inc., Bristol, PA
MARC LEBEAU • Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC
KATHRYN KALASINSKI • AFIP, Rockville, MD
PHIL DIMSON • SPEware, Los Angeles, CA
xi
xxiiii AcknowleCdgomnteennttss
MICHAEL SMITH • US Army Drug Testing Lab, Washington, DC
MARILYN HUESTIS • NIDA, Baltimore, MD
MATT LAMBING • University of North Carolina Medical Examiner, Chapel Hill, NC
BRIAN BRUNELLI • Quest Diagnostics, Atlanta, GA
DAVID ENGELHART • Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner, Cleveland, OH
JERRY PRUETT • Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
JOEL CHARLESON • Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
CRAIG PERMAN • 3M, Minneapolis, MN
DAVID WELLS • Sample Prep Solution Co., Minneapolis, MN
