Forced Migration in Eastern Africa: Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees

302 Pages·2006·1.23 MB·English

by  Cassandra R. Veney

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Forced Migration in Eastern Africa
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Forced Migration in
Eastern Africa
Democratization,
Structural Adjustment,
and Refugees
Cassandra R. Veney
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FORCEDMIGRATIONINEASTERNAFRICA
© Cassandra R.Veney,2007.
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2007 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
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Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom
and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13:978–1–4039–7610–9
ISBN-10:1–4039–7610–4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Veney,Cassandra R,1959–
Forced migration in Eastern Africa :democratization,structural
adjustment,and refugees / Cassandra R.Veney.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–7610–4 (alk.paper)
1.Refugees––Africa,Eastern.2.Refugees––Kenya.
3.Refugees––Tanzania.4.Forced migration––Africa,Eastern.
5.Social conflict––Africa,Eastern.I.Title.
HV640.4.A354V46 2006
362.87(cid:2)561096762––dc22 2006046362
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:January 2007
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures vii
Acknowledgments ix
List of Abbreviations xi
Chapter 1 Rethinking African Refugees
and Forced Migration 1
Chapter 2 Wars and Rumors of War: The
Politics of Forced Migration for
Kenya and Tanzania 19
Chapter 3 Changes in Official Refugee Policies 63
Chapter 4 Local Host Communities’
Responses to Refugees 105
Chapter 5 The International Community and
Refugees in Tanzania and Kenya 151
Chapter 6 Refugee Women in Kenya and Tanzania 189
Chapter 7 Conclusion 217
Notes 225
Bibliography 237
Index 273
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List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1 Refugee Population by World Region of Origin,
1993–2002 in ’000 5
1.2 Refugee Population by African Regions,
1993–2002 in ’000 6
1.3 Top Ten African Countries of Asylum,
1993–2002 in ’000 6
1.4 Top Ten African Countries of Refugee
Origin, 1993–2002 in ’000 7
2.1 Refugees into Kenya, 1992–2002 in the ’000 22
2.2 Refugees into Tanzania, 1992–2002 in ’000 40
Figures
4.1 Refugee Camps in Kenya 112
4.2 Operational Refugee Camps in Tanzania 136
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Acknowledgments
M
any people were instrumental in providing a variety of assistance that
allowed me to complete this book. I only wish that I could acknowledge
them all individually. However, I must thank K C Morrison, Paul
Wallace, and Charles Sampson for their scholarly, financial, and personal
support for my field research in Kenya while I was at the University of
Missouri-Columbia. I also give thanks to the several friends and
colleagues who provided contacts for my interviews and housing. I could
not have conducted the research in Kenya without the assistance of the
representatives of the nongovernmental organizations who were so
generous with their time and resources. I give special thanks to David
Kamau and Dr. Barry Hopkins who arranged my visits to the refugee
camps and Endita Kiarie who arranged interviews with refugees in
Nairobi. I want to thank the families and individuals who found hous-
ing for me, opened their homes to me, shared many meals and evenings
with me, and made sure that I experienced much that Nairobi has to
offer—Joe and Lucy Muchekehu, Albert Kamau, Esther and Jeffery
Kibachi, William Okwirry, and Gretchen Sanders.
I thank my former dean and my former chairperson of the
Department of Politics and Government at Illinois State University for
the leave that allowed me to conduct research in Tanzania. I thank
Eleanor Mohammed for taking care of all of my financial and personal
matters while I was in Tanzania. I was in Tanzania during El Nino
against the advice of several friends and colleagues. Travel to western
Tanzania would have been difficult under good weather conditions, but
with the rains with El Nino, travel was made even more difficult.
Iwould not have made it to Kibondo without the insistence, encourage-
ment, and contacts from Dr. Emmanuel Kandusi and his brother-in-law
Captain George Chabandi. After reaching Kibondo, Dr. William
Chabandi and Captain Chabandi were instrumental in introducing me
to the area, finding housing for me, and arranging my visits the refugee