Food process engineering and technology

553 Pages·2013·32.131 MB·English

by  Berk, Zeki

Electrical Engineering
for
Non-Electrical Engineers
Second Edition

Electrical Engineering
for
Non-ElectricalEngineers
Second Edition
By
S. Bobby Rauf
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rauf, S. Bobby, 1956- author.
Title: Electrical engineering for non-electrical engineers / by S. Bobby Rauf.
Description: Second edition. | Lilburn, GA : The Fairmont Press, Inc., [2016]
| Includes index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data
provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016024346 (print) | LCCN 2016022465 (ebook) | ISBN
088173778X () | ISBN 0881737771 (alk. paper) | ISBN 088173778X
(electronic) | ISBN 9781498799607 (Taylor & Francis distribution : alk.
paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Electrical engineering.
Classification: LCC TK146 (print) | LCC TK146 .R28 2016 (ebook) | DDC
621.3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016024346

Electrical Engineering for Non-Electrical Engineers Second Edition / by S. Bobby Rauf.
©2017 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.. All rights reserved. No part of this publica-
tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
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Lilburn, GA 30047
tel: [phone]; fax: [phone]
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Distributed by Taylor & Francis Group LLC
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E-mail: [email protected]
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-0881737771 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)
ISBN-9781498799607 (Taylor & Francis Group LLC)
While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and
editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my wife Viktoriya Rauf,
my daughter Nida Rauf and my son Haseeb A. Rauf
for their support and understanding
during the countless hours I spent on this book.
v

Contents
Chapter 1
Electrical Engineering Basics 1
Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Resistors in Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Resistors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Electrical Short and Open Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Capacitor and Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Capacitors in Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Capacitors in Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Capacitive Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Inductor and Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Series Inductor Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Parallel Combination of Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Inductive Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Magnetic Circuits vs . Electrical Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Basic Electrical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapter 2
DC Circuit Analysis and Basic Electronic Devices 49
Ohms Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Voltage Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Current Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Multi-loop Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Half Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Full Wave Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Electronic device applications on printed circuit boards . . . . . . . . 78
vii
Chapter 3
Alternating Current (AC) Fundamentals 87
Alternating Current (AC) Versus Direct Current (DC) . . . . . . . . . 87
Electrodeposition—DC and the Average Value of AC . . . . . . . . . 90
Alternating Current and Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Polar or Phasor Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Rectangular Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Sinusoidal or Trigonometric Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exponential Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Impedance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Common Single Phase AC Transformer Applications . . . . . . . . .111
Autotransformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Voltage Regulation, Voltage Regulators and
Buck Boost Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Three Phase AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Three Phase AC Systems vs . Single Phase AC Systems . . . . . . . .118
Current Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Three Phase AC Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Chapter 4
DC and AC Power 137
Single Phase AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Three Phase AC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Power Conversion from Steam to Electrical Form . . . . . . . . . . .153
Power Conversion from Water to Electrical Form . . . . . . . . . . .155
Power Conversion in Hydraulic Pump Systems—
Wire to Water Transformation of Power and Energy . . . . . . . . . .157
Chapter 5
Power Factor 167
Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Lagging Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Lagging Power Factor from Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Leading Power Factor and Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Power Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
viii
Chapter 6
Demand, Load Factor, Service Factor and
Electrical Power Bill Computation 195
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Peak Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Load Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Service Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Computation of Large Industrial or
Commercial Electrical Power Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Chapter 7
Electric Motors and Generators 209
DC Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
AC Alternator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
AC Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Motor Torque and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Single Phase and Three Phase Motor Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Current Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Three Phase AC Induction Motor Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Synchronous Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Motor Starting Methods for Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Motor Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Typical Motor Nameplate Information for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Large Three Phase Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Chapter 8
Power Distribution Equipment, Instrumentation
and Electronic Safety Devices 235
Voltage Categories in Power Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . .235
MCCs or Motor Control Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Motor Starter—A-B Bulletin 2100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
Variable Frequency Drives—Up to 250HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Smart Motor Controllers (SMCs)—Up to 500A . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Comparison between SMCs, VFDs and Soft Starts . . . . . . . . . . 253
PLC and I/O Chassis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
Main Switch Yard and Medium Voltage Switchgear . . . . . . . . . .256
Medium Voltage Switchgear—Loop Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
ix
Medium-voltage circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
High-voltage circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Chapter 9
National Electric Code, NFPA® 70 E and Electrical Standards 265
Ampacity of Conductors—Table 310-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Figure 9 .4: Example of NFPA 70 E Class 4 PPE . . . . . . . . . . . .284
Electrical Safety Certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
NEMA versus IP Enclosure Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Common Electrical/Electronic Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
Chapter 10
Electrical and Controls Drawings 307
Electrical Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
One-line Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Current Carrying Conductor Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Conduit and Conduit Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Overload Protection Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Starter Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Overcurrent Protection Fuse Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318
Fusible disconnect switch size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
Input Control Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328
Output Control Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Relay Ladder Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Chapter 11
Electrical Power Rate Schedules and Electrical Energy
Cost Savings Opportunities 341
Three Pronged Approach to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Electrical Energy Cost Reduction* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Electric Utility Rate Schedules* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Rates Under OPT—I Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Hourly Pricing Option/Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Areas of Opportunity for Electrical Energy Cost Savings . . . . . . .348
Energy Performance Contracting and ESCO Opportunities* . . . . . . .351
Electrical Energy Related Measures
Typically Included in ESCO or EPC Endeavors . . . . . . . . . 354
x