Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars

310 Pages·2006·1.876 MB·English

by  Frank Trentmann, Flemming Just (eds.)

Food and Conflict in Europe
in the Age of the Two World Wars
AlsobyFrankTrentmann
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TransnationalExchanges(co-editedwithJohnBrewer)
THEMAKINGOFTHECONSUMER:Knowledge,PowerandIdentityinthe
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JohnHall)
WORLDSOFPOLITICALECONOMY:KnowledgeandPowerin
theNineteenthandTwentiethCenturies(co-editedwith
MartinJ.Daunton)
MARKETSINHISTORICALCONTEXTS:IdeasandPoliticsintheModernWorld
(co-editedwithMarkBevir)
PARADOXESOFCIVILSOCIETY:NewPerspectivesonModernGermanand
BritishHistory(editor)
CRITIQUESOFCAPITALINMODERNBRITAINANDAMERICA:Transatlantic
Exchanges(co-editedwithMarkBevir)
AlsobyFlemmingJust
CO-OPERATIVESANDFARMER’SUNIONSINWESTERNEUROPE(editor)
AGRICULTURE,THESTATEANDEXPORTS,1930–1950
WARANDSOCIETYINSCANDINAVIAINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY(editor)
Food and Conflict in
Europe in the Age of the
Two World Wars
Editedby
Frank Trentmann
and
Flemming Just
Editorialmatter,selectionandintroduction©FrankTrentmann
andFlemmingJust2006
Allremainingchapters©theirrespectiveauthors2006
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-8684-9
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ISBN 978-1-349-54107-2 ISBN 978-0-230-59749-5 (eBook)
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FoodandconflictinEuropeintheageofthetwoworldwars/edited
byFrankTrentmannandFlemmingJust.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 978-1-349-54107-2
1. Foodsupply“Europe“History“20thcentury. 2. WorldWar,
1914(cid:3)1918“Foodsupply“Europe. 3. WorldWar,1939(cid:3)1945“Food
supply“Europe. 4. Foodsupply“Governmentpolicy“Europe“
History“20thcentury. 5. War“Socialaspects“Europe“History“
20thcentury. I. Trentmann,Frank. II. Just,Flemming.
HD9015.A2F6632006
940.3(cid:2)1“dc22 2006044293
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
Contents
ListofIllustrations vii
ListofFiguresandTables viii
Acknowledgements x
NotesonContributors xi
1 Introduction 1
Frank Trentmann and Flemming Just
2 CopingwithShortage:TheProblemofFoodSecurityand
GlobalVisionsofCoordination,c.1890s–1950 13
Frank Trentmann
3 ConsumptionandTotalWarfareinParis(1914–1918) 49
Thierry Bonzon
4 FoodProvisionandFoodRetailinginTheHague,1914–1930 65
Thimo de Nijs
5 DictatingFood:Autarchy,FoodProvision,andConsumer
PoliticsinFascistItaly,1922–1943 88
Alexander Nützenadel
6 Stalin,SovietAgriculture,andCollectivisation 109
Mark B. Tauger
7 BrownBreadforVictory:GermanandBritishWholemeal
PoliticsintheInter-WarPeriod 143
Uwe Spiekermann
8 DanishFoodProductionintheGermanWarEconomy 172
Mogens R. Nissen
9 The Mystery of the Dying Dutch: Can Micronutrient
DeficienciesExplaintheDifferencebetweenDanishand
DutchWartimeMortality? 193
Ralf Futselaar
v
vi Contents
10 AViewFromtheTop:SocialElitesandFoodConsumption
inBritain,1930s–1940s 223
Paul Brassley and Angela Potter
11 Popular Morality and the Black Market in Britain,
1939–1955 243
Mark Roodhouse
12 FoodandtheFoodCrisisinPost-WarGermany,1945–1948:
BritishPolicyandtheRoleofBritishNGOs 266
Johannes-Dieter Steinert
Index 289
Illustrations
2.1 ‘TheCircleisClosed’,1943 33
2.2 ‘AWorldFoodPlan’,1943 33
4.1 Holland1917:‘Thegentlemenbelligerentsdon’tleaveme
muchspacetodomyshopping’ 68
4.2 Collectedbreadcardsforonedistributionperiod,1918 69
4.3 AmilkmanoftheDeSierkanintheKerkstraat,c.1917 74
4.4 TheMunicipalSlaughterhouse,1911.Pork-butcherand
wholesaler F. Wellink and his staff prepare pigs for
consumption 77
5.1 ‘Mussoliniandthe“BattleforWheat”(20thAugust1936)’ 93
7.1 Vitaminandmineralcontentasargumentsforwholemeal
bread,1941 147
7.2 ‘Wholemealbreadishealthierandmorenutritiousand
filling!’,1940 153
7.3 Slideforcinemaadvertisement,1940:‘HealthyTeeth,
StrongBones,GoodDevelopment’ 154
7.4 StrongPupilsforaStrongGermany,1941 155
7.5 Wholemealproductsforbabies.Advertisement,1940 156
7.6 The nutritional quality of brown bread,
advertisement,1939 160
vii
Figures and Tables
Figures
4.1 Thepriceofbread,1914–1921 72
4.2 Distributionandrationingofbread,1917–1921 72
4.3 Milksupply,1916–1919 76
4.4 MeatConsumption(inkilos)perhead,1912–1922 78
8.1 RelationsbetweendifferentGermanandDanishtrade
committees 175
9.1 Standardisedmortalityrates(SMR)forDenmarkandthe
Netherlands,1930–1948 194
9.2 MonthlyinfantmortalityintheNetherlands,1937–1944 203
9.3 Deathsattributedtoparatyphoidfever,theNetherlands,
1938–1946 205
9.4 RegisteredNumberofSTDcasesinUtrecht,1938–1945 207
9.5 CaloriesinDutchandDanishdiets(percapita),byorigin,
1938–1947 209
Tables
5.1 Annualpercapitaavailabilityofselectedfoods(inkg) 95
5.2 Dailypercapitaavailabilityofnutritionvalues(ingrams)
andcalories 95
6.1 Sovietstatebudgetexpenditureonindustry,agriculture,
andtotal,1928/29–1941(millioncurrentrublesand
percentoftotal) 134
8.1 ThesignificanceofDanishbutterexportsforGerman
consumptionduringtheoccupationperiod(percent) 184
8.2 ThesignificanceofDanishexportsofporkandbeeffor
Germanconsumptionduringtheoccupationperiod
(percent) 184
9.1 Percentage of excess mortality in the Netherlands
attributabletoinfectiousdisease 196
9.2 PercapitasoaprationsinDenmarkandtheNetherlands,
1940–1944 201
9.3 Averagefuelrationsforheatinginsmallhouseholdsin
DenmarkandtheNetherlands(gigajouleperwinter) 203
viii
FiguresandTables ix
10.1 EntertainmentinvolvingfoodanddrinkinthePotter
household,1939–1945 228
12.1 Germany’soccupiedzones:Importsofgrainusedin
breadmaking,1945–1948(1000tons) 273
12.2 German‘normalconsumers’:Averagedailycalorie
quota,1945–1948 275