Table Of ContentYang Yang · Xiliang Luo · Xiaoli Chu
Ming-Tuo Zhou
Fog-Enabled
Intelligent
IoT Systems
Fog-Enabled Intelligent IoT Systems
Yang Yang • Xiliang Luo (cid:129) Xiaoli Chu
Ming-Tuo Zhou
Fog-Enabled Intelligent IoT
Systems
123
YangYang XiliangLuo
ShanghaiTechUniversity ShanghaiTechUniversity
ShanghaiInstituteofFogComputing ShanghaiInstituteofFogComputing
Technology(SHIFT) Technology(SHIFT)
SchoolofInformationScienceand SchoolofInformationScienceand
Technology Technology
Shanghai,China Shanghai,China
XiaoliChu Ming-TuoZhou
DepartmentofElectronic&Electrical ChineseAcademyofSciences
Engineering ShanghaiInstituteofMicrosystemand
UniversityofSheffield InformationTechnology
Sheffield,UK Shanghai,China
ISBN978-3-030-23184-2 ISBN978-3-030-23185-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23185-9
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Toourfamilies—YangYang,XiliangLuo,
XiaoliChu,Ming-TuoZhou
Preface
This book is focused on the potentials, opportunities, and challenges of fog
computing in developing and deploying intelligent IoT systems and services.
Specifically,Chap.1reviewskeyIoTtechnologiesandseveralapplications,which
includenotonlysimpledatasensing,collection,andrepresentationbutalsocomplex
informationextractionandbehavioranalysis.As5Gmobilenetworksarebeginning
to be commercially deployed worldwide, intelligent IoT applications and services
aregettingmoreandmoreimportantandpopularindifferentbusinesssectorsand
industrial domains, thanks to more communication bandwidth, better data quality,
fasterdatarate,densernetworkconnectivity,lowertransmissionlatency,andhigher
systemreliability.
Chapter 2 introduces the architecture and key enabling technologies of fog
computing,aswellasitslatestdevelopmentinstandardizationbodiesandindustrial
consortium.Asthebridgeconnectingthecloudandthings,fogcomputingplaysa
crucialroleinidentifying,integrating,managing,andutilizingmultitiercomputing,
communication, and storage resources in different IoT systems. Together with
feasible AI algorithms, fog nodes can combine various local/regional micro-
services and orchestrate more intelligent applications and services with different
userpreferencesandstringentperformancerequirements.Forexample,autonomous
driving and intelligent manufacturing require high security in data transmission
and storage, very low latency in data processing and decision-making, and super-
highreliabilityinnetworkconnectivityandserviceprovisioning.Furthermore,the
challenges of developing more sophisticated services across multiple domains are
discussed.
Chapter 3 proposes an analytical framework for general Multi-Task Multi-
Helper (MTMH) fog networks and application scenarios, such as multi-robot
systems,wirelesscommunicationnetworks,intelligenttransportationsystems,and
smart home. Specifically, a comprehensive system model consisting of network
architecture, wireless channels, communication and computing models, and task
types is developed for a MTMH fog network. Based on different game theories,
the fundamental problems of computation offloading are formulated and analyzed
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viii Preface
for non-splittable and splittable tasks, respectively. Accordingly, two efficient
algorithmsaredesignedandfullyevaluatedunderdifferentperformancemetrics.
Chapters 4–7 choose different intelligent IoT applications as real examples
to demonstrate the architecture, functions, technologies, and advantages of our
correspondingfog-enabledsolutions.Inparticular,Chap.4introducesfog-enabled
solutionsforrobotSLAM,multi-robotsmartfactory,andmulti-robotfleetformation
applications,whichrequirelargelocalcomputingpowerfortimelyconstructingthe
map of a working environment, calculating multiple robots’ exact positions, and
trackingtheirmovement posturesandorientations.Throughahigh-speedwireless
network, massive data and images collected by on-board and local sensors are
transmitted from the robots and intelligent infrastructure to nearby fog nodes,
whereintelligentdataprocessingalgorithmsareresponsibleforanalyzingvaluable
informationandderivingtheresultsinrealtime.
Chapter 5 introduces fog-enabled self-optimization techniques for wireless
communication networks, which provide end users a series of new functions and
capabilitiessuchasdistributedlocalcaching,collaborativeradiosignalprocessing,
scalableservicearchitecture,computationoffloading,on-demandmobilitymanage-
ment,andcooperativeresourceallocationatbasestationsandwithinthenetwork.
Chapter6introducesfog-enabledintelligenttransportationsystems,whichsup-
port autonomous driving, cooperative driving, and shared vehicles for improving
userexperience,trafficefficiency,androadsafety.Oursolutionutilizesdistributed
computing, storage, and communication resources in vehicle nodes, roadside
stations, and advanced wireless networks to realize the potential benefits of fog
computing.
Chapter 7 introduces fog-enabled smart home and user behavior recognition
applications, which enhance everyone’s home environment, personalized services,
quality of life, convenience, and safety, especially for the aging and disabled
populationwhoneedacomprehensivesetofinteractivetechnologies,models,and
algorithms for better assisted living experiences. Higher recognition accuracy can
beachievedwhenmillimeterwavecommunicationdevices,multitierfognodes,and
advancedalgorithmsarewidelydeployedinourbuildingsandneighborhood.
Chapter8concludesthisbookandsuggestsseveralkeyresearchtopicsforfurther
investigations.
July2019 YangYang
XiliangLuo
XiaoliChu
Ming-TuoZhou
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the people who have made contributions to this book.
In particular, we want to acknowledge the enormous helps from Dr. Kunlun
Wang, Dr. Yang Li, Mr. Zening Liu, Mr. Penghao Cai, and Ms. Youyu Tan at
School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China;
Dr.WuxiongZhang,Mr.WeidongFang,Mr.GuofengShen,Dr.YangLiu,andDr.
Shuang Zhao at Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dr. Haijun Zhang at the University of Science
and Technology Beijing, China; Dr. Jianbo Du at Xi’an University of Posts and
Telecommunications, China; Mr. Jiaqi Wang at the University of Sheffield, UK;
and Dr. Jiong Jin at School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne
UniversityofTechnology,Australia.
Furthermore, we would like to express our gratitude to our colleagues for their
kindsupportandencouragement.
ix
Contents
1 IoTTechnologiesandApplications......................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................. 1
1.2 StandardsandTechnologies............................................ 4
1.2.1 RadioFrequencyIdentification ................................ 5
1.2.2 NearFieldCommunication..................................... 9
1.2.3 ZigBee........................................................... 11
1.2.4 LoRa............................................................. 13
1.2.5 Sigfox ........................................................... 16
1.2.6 NB-IoT.......................................................... 18
1.2.7 WebofThings .................................................. 21
1.3 TypicalApplications.................................................... 23
1.3.1 EnvironmentalMonitoring..................................... 23
1.3.2 InfrastructureHealthMonitoring .............................. 25
1.3.3 PublicSafetySurveillance ..................................... 26
1.3.4 SmartCity....................................................... 28
1.3.5 SmartManufacturing........................................... 29
1.3.6 IntelligentTransportationSystem.............................. 31
1.4 NewChallenges......................................................... 32
1.5 Conclusion .............................................................. 35
References..................................................................... 36
2 FogComputingArchitectureandTechnologies .......................... 39
2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 39
2.2 FogComputingArchitecture........................................... 42
2.2.1 ReferenceArchitecture......................................... 42
2.2.2 Multi-TierComputingNetwork................................ 45
2.3 FogComputingTechnologies .......................................... 48
2.3.1 NetworkingTechnologies ...................................... 48
2.3.2 ComputingTechnologies....................................... 49
2.3.3 StorageTechnologies........................................... 49
2.3.4 VirtualizationTechnologies .................................... 50
2.3.5 ArtificialIntelligence........................................... 51
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xii Contents
2.4 ApplicationsandChallenges ........................................... 52
2.4.1 CollaborativeRobotSystem.................................... 52
2.4.2 WirelessCommunicationNetwork ............................ 54
2.4.3 IntelligentTransportationSystem.............................. 56
2.4.4 SmartHome..................................................... 58
2.5 Conclusion .............................................................. 59
References..................................................................... 60
3 AnalyticalFrameworkforMulti-TaskMulti-HelperFogNetworks... 61
3.1 Introduction ............................................................. 61
3.2 SystemArchitectureandAnalyticalModels........................... 65
3.2.1 Multi-TaskMulti-HelperFogNetworks....................... 65
3.2.2 Non-SplittableTaskandPairedOffloading.................... 68
3.2.3 SplittableTaskandParallelOffloading........................ 69
3.3 TheoreticalPreliminaries............................................... 70
3.3.1 PotentialGame.................................................. 70
3.3.2 GeneralizedNashEquilibriumProblem....................... 73
3.3.3 MatchingTheory................................................ 73
3.4 GameFormulationandAlgorithmDesign............................. 75
3.4.1 PairedOffloadingofMultipleTasks........................... 75
3.4.2 ParallelOffloadingofSplittableTasks......................... 79
3.5 PerformanceEvaluation ................................................ 87
3.5.1 PriceofAnarchy................................................ 87
3.5.2 SystemAverageDelay.......................................... 89
3.5.3 NumberofBeneficialTNs ..................................... 93
3.5.4 Convergence .................................................... 95
3.6 Conclusion .............................................................. 96
References..................................................................... 96
4 Fog-EnabledMulti-RobotSystem.......................................... 99
4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 99
4.2 SimultaneousLocationandMapping.................................. 100
4.2.1 SystemArchitecture............................................ 100
4.2.2 TechnicalChallenges........................................... 101
4.2.3 Fog-EnabledSolution .......................................... 102
4.3 Multi-RobotSmartFactory............................................. 109
4.3.1 SystemArchitecture............................................ 110
4.3.2 WarehouseManagement ....................................... 113
4.3.3 EmergencyManagement....................................... 119
4.4 Multi-RobotFleetFormation........................................... 125
4.4.1 SystemArchitecture............................................ 125
4.4.2 Fog-EnabledSolution .......................................... 127
4.5 Conclusion .............................................................. 130
References..................................................................... 130
