Focus on Physical Science: Grade 8, California

665 Pages·2007·145.7 MB·English

by  McGraw

i s e
nteractive tudent dition
New York, New York Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Peoria, Illinois Woodland Hills, California
Science nnlliinnee
ca8.msscience.com
Check out the following features on your
Online Learning Center:
Study Tools Extensions
• Virtual Labs
•
• Microscopy Links
• Interactive Tables
• Periodic Table Links
• Interactive Time Line
• Career Links
• Animated Illustrations
• Prescreened Web Links
• Lesson Self-Check Quizzes
• WebQuest Project
• Chapter Test Practice
• Science Fair Ideas
• Standardized Test Practice
• Internet Labs
• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker
• Interactive Tutor
For Teachers
• Multilingual Science Glossary
• Teacher Bulletin Board
• Study to Go
Focus On Physical Science • Teaching Today, and much
• Online Student Edition
more!
The Palomar Observatory in north San
• BrainPop Movies
Diego County is home to many telescopes
including the Hale Telescope. The 5.1m Hale
Telescope is used nightly for astronomical
studies.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under
the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission
of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by National Geographic’s Children’s
Books and Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic. The name “National Geographic”
and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic and their use, without prior
written permission, is strictly prohibited.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-879440-7
ISBN-10: 0-07-879440-4
Printed in the United States of America.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 10 09 08 07
Introduction to Investigation and
9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g
Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Unit 1
Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e,
Chapter 1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.f, 9.b, 9.d, 9.e, 9.f
2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e,
Chapter 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.f, 9.a, 9.d, 9.g
Chapter 3 Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . .126 8.a, 8.b, 8.c, 8.d, 9.f
Unit 2
Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Chapter 4 Understanding the Atom . . . . . . . . .170 3.a, 3.f, 7.b, 9.e
Chapter 5 Combining Atoms and Molecules .214 3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.f, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e
Chapter 6 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g
Chapter 7 The Periodic Table and
Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 3.f, 5.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e
Unit 3
Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 3.b, 3.f, 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e
Chapter 9 Acids and Bases in Solution . . . . . .376 5.e, 7.c, 9.a, 9.b, 9.e
Chapter 10 Chemistry of Living Systems . . . . .418 3.c, 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 9.c
Unit 4
Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
Chapter 11 Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 2.g, 4.c, 4.d, 4.e, 9.a, 9.e
Chapter 12 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 2.g, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c, 4.d, 9.d
iii
The California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the
development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Physical Science. They helped create
the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided content and pedagogical
comments, and provided feedback for the Teacher Wraparound Edition.
Charles Beecroft Douglas Fisher Patricia Juárez
8th Grade Science Director of Professional Coordinator III
Teacher Development Sacramento City Unified
Columbia School District CityHeights Educational School District
Redding, CA Collaborative Sacramento, CA
San Diego, CA
Tom Castro Mindi Fisher Kathy Molnar
Science Teacher Leadership Team Professional
Martinez JHS/ Administrator Development Mentor
Martinez USD Peninsula Union School Etiwanda School District
Martinez, CA District Etiwanda, CA
Samoa, CA
Lisa L. Cordes Frederick W.Freking Carol Orton
Science Department Faculty Advisor Teacher
Chair University of California, Bernardo Heights
Rivera Middle School/ Los Angeles Middle School
El Rancho USD Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA
Pico Rivera, CA
Justin Cunningham Nancy Frey Joycalyn Peoples
EdD Associate Professor of Science Specialist
Coordinator, Small Literacy Riverside Unified School
School District Services San Diego State District
San Diego, County Office University Riverside, CA
of Education San Diego, CA
San Diego, CA
Richard Filson Maria C.Grant Wendi L. Rodriguez
Science Department Teacher Teacher
Chair Hoover High School/ Heritage/Snowline JUSD
Edison High School, San Diego City School Phelan, CA
Stockton Unified and San Diego State
School District University
Stockton, CA San Diego, CA
Bruce Fisher Patrick Horton Gladys Sorensen
Distinguished Teacher Science Teacher Science Department
in Residence Day Creek Intermediate Chair
Humboldt State School Patrick Henry Middle
University Etiwanda, CA School
Arcata, CA Grenada Hills, CA
Patty Horton Granger B. Ward
Professional California
Development Provider Superintendent and
Etiwanda School District Former Science Teacher
iv Etiwanda, CA San Diego, CA
Authors Science nnlliinnee Learn more about the authors at ca8.msscience.com.
Laurel Dingrando, Jennifer Gonya, PhD Cindy Klevickis, PhD Dinah Zike, MEd
MAT Science Content Consultant Professor of Integrated Educational Consultant
Secondary Science The Ohio State University Science and Technology Dinah-Might Activities,
Coordinator Columbus, OH James Madison University Inc.
Garland Independent Harrisonburg, VA San Antonio, TX
David G. Haase, PhD
School District
Garland, TX Professor of Physics and Isaac Turiel, PhD
Director of The Science Retired Staff Scientist
Douglas Fisher, PhD House Lawrence Berkeley
Director of Professional North Carolina State National Laboratory, National Geographic
Development and University Berkeley, CA Education Division
Professor Raleigh, NC Washington, D.C.
Margaret K. Zorn, MS
CityHeights Educational
Collaborative, San Science Writer
Diego State University Yorktown, VA
San Diego, CA
Series Consultants
Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and
provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction.
Science William B. N. Berry, Alan Gishlick, PhD Monika Kress, PhD
Consultants PhD National Center for San Jose State University
University of California, Science Education San Jose, CA
Richard Allen, PhD Berkeley Oakland, CA
Steve Lund, PhD
University of California, Berkeley, CA
Berkeley Juno Hsu, PhD University of Southern
Berkeley, CA Diane Clayton, PhD University of California, California
NASA Irvine Los Angeles, CA
Karamjeet Arya, PhD Santa Barbara, CA Irvine, CA
Michael Manga, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA Susan Crawford, PhD Martha Jagucki, MS University of California,
California State University Geologist Berkeley
Teaster Baird, PhD Sacramento, CA Columbus, OH Berkeley, CA
San Francisco State
Stephen F. Cunha, PhD Lee Kats, PhD Kate Schafer, PhD
University
San Francisco, CA Humboldt State University Pepperdine University Aquamarine Research
Arcata, CA Malibu, CA Mountain View, CA
Natalie Batalha, PhD
Jennifer A. Dever, PhD Christopher Kim, PhD Julio G. Soto, PhD
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA University of San Francisco Chapman University San Jose State University
San Francisco, CA Orange, CA San Jose, CA
Robin Bennett, MS
Alejandro Garcia, PhD
University of Washington
Seattle, WA San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
v
Dr. Edward Walton Math Reading Safety
California Polytechnical Consultant Consultant Consultant
Institute
Pomona, CA Grant Fraser, PhD ReLeah Cossett Lent Jeff Vogt, MEd
California State Author/Educational Federal Hocking Middle
VivianLee Ward
University Consultant School
National Health Museum Los Angeles, CA Alford, FL Stewart, OH
Washington, DC
Series Teacher Reviewers
Each Teacher Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters, providing feedback and
suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction.
Joel Austin Bret Harrison Lori Poublon-Ramirez
Roosevelt Middle School Frank Ledesma Elementary Herman Intermediate School
San Francisco, CA Soledad, CA San Jose, CA
Nicole Belong Rick Hoffman Martha Romero
Coronado Middle School Kastner Intermediate School E. O. Green Junior High School
Coronado, CA Fresno, CA Oxnard, CA
Patrick Brickey Kimberly Klein Arlene Sackman
Lakeview Junior High School Barstow Intermediate School Earlimart Middle School
Santa Maria, CA Barstow, CA Earlimart, CA
Mary Pilles Bryant David Kulka Rex Scates
Henry J. Kaiser High School South Peninsula Hebrew Day Herman Intermediate School
Fontana, CA School San Jose, CA
Sunnyvale, CA
Edward Case Robert Sherriff
Washington Academic Middle Christina Lambie Winston Churchill Middle School
School Highland Elementary School Carmichael, CA
Sanger, CA Richmond, CA
Maria MendezSimpson
Monaliza Chian Kathleen Magnani School Programs Coordinator/
E. O. Green Junior High School Center Junior High School Birch Aquarium
Oxnard, CA Antelope, CA La Jolla, CA
Valesca Lopez Dwyer Tara McGuigan Lorre Stange
Park View Middle School Monroe Clark Middle School Laytonville Elementary School
Yucaipa, CA San Diego, CA Laytonville, CA
Kathryn Froman Shelia Patterson Louann Talbert
North Davis Elementary School K–12 Alliance-California Laytonville Middle School
Davis, CA Oceano, CA Laytonville, CA
Brian Gary Sharon Pendola Gina Marie Turcketta
Margaret Landell Elementary St. Albans Country Day School St. Joan of Arc School
Cypress, CA Roseville, CA Los Angeles, CA
Jeanette George-Becker
Roosevelt Elementary School
San Gabriel, CA
vi
Introduction to Investigation
and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g
Whatis science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9.b
Tools of the Physical Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g
Case Study: Wind Turbines for the Birds . . . .34 9.a, 9.c, 9.f
Unit 1
Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Chapter 1 California Standards
Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Lesson 1 Determining Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 1.a
Lesson 2 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . .56 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 9.b, 9.f
Lesson 3 Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 1.f, 9.d, 9.e
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82–83
Chapter 2
Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Lesson 1 Combining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 9.g
Lesson 2 Types of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 2.d
Lesson 3 Unbalanced Forces and Acceleration . . . .106 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 9.a, 9.d
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–125
Chapter 3
Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Lesson 1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 8.a, 8.b, 9.f
Lesson 2 Pressure and the Buoyant Force . . . . . . . .140 8.c
Lesson 3 Sinking and Floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 8.d, 9.f
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164–165
Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Spiny box fish
vii
Unit 2
Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Chapter 4 California Standards
Understanding the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Lesson 1 Atoms—Basic Units of Matter . . . . . . . . .174 3.a
Lesson 2 Discovering Parts of the Atom . . . . . . . . .182 3.a
Lesson 3 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions—How
Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 3.f, 7.b, 9.e
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212–213
Chapter 5
Combining Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . .214
Lesson 1 How Atoms Form Compounds . . . . . . . .218 3.a, 3.b, 3.f
Lesson 2 Forming Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 3.b, 3.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248–249
Atomic force micrograph ofyttrium oxide molecules
viii
Chapter 6 California Standards
States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 3.d, 3.e
Lesson 2 Changes in States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . .261 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284–285
Chapter 7
The Periodic Table and Physical
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Lesson 1 Organization of the Periodic Table . . . . .290 3.f, 7.a
Lesson 2 Isotopes and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . .301 7.a, 7.b, 9.e
Lesson 3 Physical Properties and Changes . . . . . . .313 5.d, 7.c, 9.a
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328–329
Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Unit 3
Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Chapter 8
Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Lesson 1 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . .338 3.f, 5.a, 7.c
Lesson 2 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 3.b, 3.f, 5.b
Lesson 3 Energy and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . .358 5.c, 9.a, 9.e
Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374–375
Dry ice
sublimating