FMCW radar design

425 Pages·2018·21.972 MB·English

by  Mohinder Jankiraman

FMCW Radar Design
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For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House Radar Series,
turn to the back of this book.
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FMCW Radar Design
M. Jankiraman
artechhouse.com
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-567-7
Cover design by John Gomes
For supplemental materials to this book, please visit http://us.artechhouse.com/Assets/
downloads/jankiraman_567.zip.
© 2018 Artech House
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Dedicated to my grandchildren:
Manuel, Maria, and Neha.
The future belongs to you!
Carpe diem!
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Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
PART 1
Fundamentals of Low Probability of Intercept Radar Design 1
CHAPTER 1
The Advent of FMCW Radars 3
1.1 The Need for Stealth 3
1.2 The Basic Requirements for LPI Capability 4
1.3 Pseudo-LPI Radars 5
1.4 CW Transmissions 5
1.5 Radar Detection Range and Interception Range 6
1.6 Radar Intercept Range 12
1.7 Commercial LPI Radars: SQUIRE Battlefield Surveillance LPI Radar 12
1.8 Miscellaneous Uses of LPI Radars 14
1.8.1 Altimeters 14
1.8.2 Landing Systems 15
1.8.3 Train Radars 15
1.9 A Survey of This Book 15
References 18
CHAPTER 2
FMCW Waveform 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 FMCW 19
2.3 LFM Waveforms 20
2.4 Linear Sawtooth FMCW 20
2.4.1 LFM Waveform 25
2.5 Linear Triangular FMCW 29
2.5.1 One Target 29
2.5.2 Two Targets 29
2.6 Segmented Linear FMCW 31
2.7 Derivation of the Swept Bandwidth 31
2.8 Calculating the Range 32
vii
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viii Contents
2.9 Matched Filter 32
2.10 Storing a Replica 35
2.11 Time-Bandwidth Product 35
2.12 Waveform Compression 36
2.12.1 LFM Waveform Compression 37
2.12.2 Correlation Processor 38
2.12.3 Stretch Processor 41
2.13 Sidelobes and Weighting for Linear FM Systems 49
2.14 Basic Equations of FMCW Radars 49
2.14.1 FMCW Equation 50
2.15 FMCW Radar Range Equation Revisited 51
2.16 Effect of Sweep Time on Range Resolution 51
2.17 Concept of Instrumented Range 53
2.18 Nonlinearity in FM Waveforms 53
2.19 Coherent Processing Interval 55
2.20 Summary 56
References 56
CHAPTER 3
The Radar Ambiguity Function 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Examples of Ambiguity Functions 58
3.2.1 Single-Frequency Pulse 59
3.2.2 Linear FM Pulse 60
3.3 Range-Doppler Coupling 64
3.4 Phase-Coded Signals 65
References 65
CHAPTER 4
Noise in Radar Receivers 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Noise Characterization 67
4.2.1 Fundamentals 67
4.2.2 Noise Bandwidth 68
4.3 Sources of Noise 68
4.3.1 Thermal Noise 68
4.3.2 Resistor Noise Characteristics 69
4.3.3 Shot Noise 71
4.3.4 Flicker Noise 72
4.3.5 White Noise 73
4.3.6 Phase Noise 73
4.3.7 Avalanche Noise 76
4.3.8 Burst Noise 76
4.4 Noise Figure 76
4.5 Effective Noise Temperature 78
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Contents ix
4.6 The Noise Figure of Multistage Systems 78
4.7 Noise Figure of Other Devices 80
4.8 Noise Reduction Strategies 81
4.9 Noise Figure Measurement 81
4.9.1 Gain Method 81
4.9.2 Y-Factor Method 82
4.9.3 Noise Figure Meter 84
4.10 Summary 84
References 85
CHAPTER 5
Radar Detection 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 The Detection Problem 87
5.2.1 Neyman-Pearson Theorem 88
5.3 Noise Probability Density Functions 91
5.4 Probability of False Alarm 92
5.5 Probability of Detection 93
5.6 The Matched Filter 94
5.7 Matched Filter in Colored Noise 100
5.8 The Correlation Receiver 104
5.9 Fluctuating Targets 106
5.10 Integration of Pulses 108
5.10.1 Coherent Integration 110
5.10.2 Noncoherent Integration 123
5.10.3 Cumulative Detection Probability 131
5.11 CFAR Processing 135
5.12 Cell-Averaging CFAR 136
5.13 Design of FMCW Marine Navigation Radar 140
5.14 Summary 144
References 145
PART 2
Radar RF Hardware and Architecture 147
CHAPTER 6
Radar System Components 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Amplifiers 149
6.3 Types of Amplifiers 150
6.4 Amplifier Characteristics 151
6.4.1 1-dB Compression Point 151
6.4.2 Intermodulation Products 152
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