Flying over the USA: Airplanes in American Life (American Transportation)

65 Pages·2004·9.24 MB·English

by  Martin W. Sandler

Flying over the USA
Airplanes in American Life

Transportation
in America
Flying over the USA
Airplanes in American Life
Martin W. Sandier
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
For Robbie, Winslow, Sarah, and Christopher. Like OXPORD
young people everywhere, their laughter and wisdom is UNIVERSITY PRESS
all we know of magic.
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Copyright © 2004 by Martin W. Sandier
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sandier, Martin W.
Flying over the USA : airplanes in American life / Martin W. Sandier.
v. cm. — (American transportation)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: Reaching for the sky—An age of heroes—Shrinking the nation—
Transforming America—Change and challenge—Timeline—Places to visit.
ISBN 0-19-513231-9 (alk. paper)
1. Aeronautics—United States—History—Juvenile literature. 2. Airplanes—
History—Juvenile literature. 3. Air travel—United States—History—Juvenile litera-
ture. [1. Aeronautics. 2. Airplanes—History. 3. Air travel.] I. Title. II. Series.
TL547 .S323 2003
629.13'0973—dc22 2003017876
Printing number: 987654321
Printed in Hong Kong on acid-free paper
Design by Alexis Siroc
ON THE COVER: A 1949 Ryan Navion, which had a top speed
of 157 miles per hour, takes off from an airport.
FRONTISPIECE: Biplanes perform a "follow-the-leader" routine
for the crowds at the 1931 Cleveland National Air Races.
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Reaching for the Sky 6
CHAPTER 2
An Age of Heroes 17
CHAPTER 3
Shrinking the Nation 27
CHAPTER 4
Airplanes at Work 38
CHAPTER 5
Change and Challenge 48
Timeline 57
Places to Visit 58
Further Reading 59
Index 60
CHAPTER 1
Reaching for the Sky
"With a short dash down the runway, the machine lifted into the air and was
flying. It was only a flight of twelve seconds, and it was an uncertain, wavy,
creeping sort of flight at best; but it was a real flight at last and not a glide."
—Orville Wright, in a telegram to his father
after completing the first successful manned, powered flight, 1903
"I sometimes think," said pioneer aviator Glenn Curtis heavier-than-air flight (that is, not held aloft by a bal-
in a speech to a flying club in 1907 loon full of light gas) took place.
In 1901, the American astronomer Samuel Pierpont
that the desire to fly after the fashion of the birds
is an ideal handed down to us by our ancestors Langley, inspired by European and American experi-
who in their grueling travels across trackless lands ments with gliders and by the invention of the internal
in prehistoric times, looked enviously on the birds
combustion engine, successfully flew a gas-powered
soaring freely through space, at full speed, above
model airplane. Two years later, Langley, who at the
all obstacles, on the infinite highway of the air.
time was head of the Smithsonian Institution, built a
The desire to fly may be as old as humanity itself. But full-size aircraft four times the size of his model.
it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that On October 7, 1903, to much fanfare and in full
the first significant step in achieving powered, manned, view of the nation s press, Langley catapulted his plane,
O
named the Aerodrome, from
atop his houseboat anchored
in the Potomac River. As the
plane—piloted by Langley's
colleague Charles Manley—
took off, its wings suddenly
collapsed, sending it crashing
headfirst into the river. On
December 8, Langley tried
again. Once more the piloted
Aerodrome catapulted for-
ward, only to fall back almost
immediately into the water,
this time on its back.
Although Langley escaped serious injury, he became
Long before serious would-be aviators like Samuel
a laughingstock, heaped with ridicule rather than the Langley and Wilbur and Orville Wright attempted
flight, backyard builders made their own homemade
acclaim for which he had hoped. His spectacular fail-
inventions. The creator of this 1894 machine called
ures reinforced the convictions of those who continued it a "soaring aeroplane," but it literally never got
off the ground.
to repeat the centuries-old adage that "If man had been
meant to fly, he would have been given wings." More
than ever, the general public was in agreement with
Reaching for the Sky 7
astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb, who she married, at a time when few women were involved
had asked, "May not our mechanicians... be ultimate- in mechanical pursuits, Sarah Wright spent many hours
ly forced to admit that aerial flight is one of the great tinkering with horse-drawn vehicles in her family's carriage
class of problems with which man can never cope, and business. In 1905, Wilbur and Orville s younger sister
give up all attempts to grapple with it?" Yet only nine Katharine was quoted in the Dayton Journal as saying
days after Samuel Langley's dream of glory ended in the "Mother could make anything and make a good job of it.
Potomac, two bicycle-making brothers named Wilbur Wilbur and [Orville] got her genius in making things."
and Orville Wright would prove Newcomb and all the Their first business collaboration came when they
other critics wrong. formed a printing firm in Dayton, Ohio. In the 1890s
This was a remarkable time in the nations history. they expanded their commercial interests by starting
Inventions in the field of transportation were pro- another company in Dayton that built, sold, and
foundly changing the ways in which Americans worked, repaired bicycles. Bicycling had become a national craze,
played, and lived. In 1888, when Orville was 17 and and the Wrights' cycling company was highly successful.
Wilbur was 21, the electric trolley was introduced. Less With each passing year, their interest in flight grew
than a decade later, distances shrank even more as mil- more intense. Then, in 1896, newspapers reported the
lions of people took to the roads in automobiles. This death of the German aeronautical engineer Otto Lilien-
was called the Age of the Machine, and for the Wright thal. The Wrights had closely followed reports of
brothers it was a most exciting time to be alive. Lilienthal s experiments with gliders, and news of his
Even as youngsters, the Wright brothers had dis-
Samuel Langley's launching crew looks on as Langley's
played a mechanical ability beyond their years. They
plane takes to the air. The unpiloted model plane was
inherited this talent from their mother, Sarah. Before the largest and heaviest machine that had ever flown.
8 Flying over the USA
ivuffta,"
Reaching for the Sky 9