Table Of ContentLecture Notes ni
Earth Sciences
detidE yb vedmoS ,ijrahcattahB Gerald .M ,namdeirF
Horst .J reuabegueN dna Adolf rehcalieS
37
A. ininamrA G. iD Silvio (Eds.)
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London NewYork Heidelberg Berlin siraP
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Editors
Prof. Aronne Armanini
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Trent
1-38050 Mesiano di Povo, Italy
Prof. Giampaolo Di Silvio
Institute of Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering
University of Padua
Via Loredan 20, 1-35131 Padua
ISBN 3-540-54491-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork
ISBN 0-38?-54491-7 Springer-Verlag NewYork Berlin Heidelberg
This work subject is to whether reserved, are rights All copyright. the whole or part of material the
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Following the economical and social development of the local communities,
mountain regions of temperate climates are increasingly becoming the site of
valuable infrastructures and important urban and industrial settlements. As
the catastrophic events of last years in the European Alps have clearly shown,
the vulnerability of these territories has correspondingly increased, in terms of
both property damage and losses of human life.
Until recently, the hydraulic scientific community has paid little attention
to mountain watersheds, except perhaps during the period if the hydropower de-
velopment. Nevertheless attention was then focused on problems and method-
ologies somewhat different from the issues of actual environmental concern.
More recently, however, hydraulic engineers have joined their colleagues
from forest and rural engineering, who have traditionally dealt with erosion
control in mountain areas, to bring in their own methodology, already experi-
enced in lowland rivers. At the same time, academic people focused an interest
in some phenomena, like massive transport, which is typical of mountain envi-
ronment.
To bring together all these contributions and to make the state of the art of
the mountain river science (oropotamology) and lechnology, an International
Workshop was called at the University of Trent (Italy), on October 1989, under
the sponsorship of Fluvial Hydraulic Section of the IAHR.
Three main topics have been recognized as particularly relevant from the
point of view of both research and professivnal people:
a) Hydrodynamics of steep channels and local scale process;
b) Sediment movement and sediment training, with special emphasis on massive
transporl;
c) Particular features of sediment transport related to non-uniform grain-size.
However, as it is the case in these circumstances, the contest of several
contributions often spread over more than one topic. In the following Introduc-
tion to papers, the three topics were split into 11 Sections, each one devoted to
a more particular aspect recurrently addressed during the discussion. The same
paper, thus, may eb mentioned in different Sections of the Introduction.
Trento, march 1991
the editors
stnemegdelwonkcA
The Organizing Committee of the Workshop and the Editors of this book era indebted
to the International Advisory Board, ohw have selected the papers:
Prof. Selim Yalin ( Chairman of the Fluvial Hydraulic Sec. LA.H.R.)
Prof. James C.Bathurst ( University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K)
Dr. Lianzhen Ding (I.R,T.C.E.S., Beijing, China)
Dr. Martin Jaeggi (E. T. H., Switzerland) Zurich,
Prof. Masanori Michiue ( University of Toltori, Japan)
and to the Moderators of the Sessions of the Workshop:
Prof. Matheus deI~ies, (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Dr.Gerrit £ Klaassen, (Delft Hydraulics, De Voorst Laboratory, The Netherlands)
Prof. James C.Bathurst (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K)
ohw have neeb fundamental for stimulating the discussion and for distilling the most relevant
aspects in which the following Introduction saw articulated.
The Workshop was organized in the framework of the activities of the Italian Groups
for the Disaster Prevention (CNR-GNDCI)) and for Sediment Transport (MURST 40~).
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Papers
A.Armanini and G.Di Silvio
A Hydrodynamics of Steep Channels and Local-scale Processes.
AI. Flow Resistance over a Gravel Bed: its Consequence on Initial Sediment Move-
ment
W. Graf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
A2. Turbulent Flow with Small Relative Submergence
H.Nakagawa, T. Tsujimoto and Y.Shimizu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A3. Flow Resistance and Sediment Transportation in Streams with Steep-pool Bed
Morphology
S.Egashira and K.Ashida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
.4A Modification of the Transport Rate Formula for Steep Channels
L.Suszka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A5. Continuous Simulation of Sediment Transport in the Case of Glacierized Water-
shed
F.Sch5berl 71
A .6 Determination of the Critical Conditions of IncipienMto tion of Bed Load in Moun-
tain Rivers
W.Bartnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A .7 Bed-load Transport in Steep Channels
T. Tsujimoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
AS. Flume Experiments on Alternate Bars in Unsteady Flow
M. Tubino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
A9. River Bars and Non Linear Dynamics
G.Seminara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
B Sediment Movement in Mountain Streams: Erosion-Deposition Models; Deposition in Reser-
voirs; Ordinary and Catastrophic Events; Debris Flow; Sediment Control Devices.
B1. Sediment Yield and River Bed Change in Mountain Rivers
T.Mizuyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
B2. A General Model for Intense Sediment Transport of Plane Bed
A.Lamberti and L.Montefusco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
B3. Model Investigations on the Sediment Transport of a Lower Alpine River
W.Bechteler, G. Vogel and H. Vollmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
B4. Sediment Movement on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan
T.Ishikawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Ytl~
B5. Simulation of Reservoir Sedimentation in Mountain Regions
M.Fujita, M.Miehiue and K.Ashida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
B6. Sediment Sluicing in Mountain Reservoirs
ILScheuerlein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
BT. Review of Disastrous Torrent Flood on the Vlasina River on June 26, 1988, Includ-
ing Analysis of Flood and the Obtained Results
Z.Gavrilovic and Z.Matovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
B8. Research of Fluvial Processes in Mountains: a Change of Emphasis
T.Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
B9. Mechanics and the Existence Criteria of Various Types of Flows During Massive
Sediment Transport
T. Takahashi 267
BIO. Numerical Analysis of Hillslope-Channel Interaction in First Order Basins
P.Ghilardi and G.Menduni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Bll. Modelling Short- and Long-Term Evolution of Mountain Rivers: an Application to
the Torrent Mallero (Italy)
G.Di Silvio and M.Peviani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
BI2. Review of Mountain River Training Procedures in Switzerland
ILP. Willi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
B13. From the Check Dam to the Development of Functional Check Dams
A.Armanini, F.Dellagiacoma and L.Ferrari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
C Non-uniformity of Sediraent: Grain Sorting; Bed Armouring; Transport of Fine-Sediment Sus-
pensions.
CI. Downstream Variation of Grain Size in Gravel Rivers: Abrasion Versus Selective
Sorting
G.Parker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
C2. Morphological Changes and Grain Sorting in Mountain Gravel-bed Streams
D.Pianese and F.Rossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
C3. Diversion Structure for the "Vallabres" Water Project on the Tinee River - France.
Reinterpretation of 1953 Physical Model Studies in Light of Current Knowledge on
Grain Sorting
M.Bouvard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
C4. Mobile Armouring of Bed Surface in Steep Slope River with Gravel and Sand Mix-
ture
K.Suzuki and K.Kalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
C5. Experimental Analysis of Armouring Process
A.Lamberti and E.Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
C6. Bed Load Transport and Hyperconcentrated Flow at Steep Slopes
D.Rickenmann 429
C7. Experimental Investigations on Bed-load and Suspended Transport in Mountain
Streams
G. Di Silvio and S.Brunelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
C8. Variation of Bed and Transport Mean Diameters in Non-equilibrium Conditions
A.Armanini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
List of Contributors
Aronne Armanini , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Trent, Trent, Italy
Kazuo Ashida , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyolo University, Gokasho, Uji,
Kyoto 611, Japan
Wojeieeh Bartnik , Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Academy of Agriculture, Cra-
,woc Poland
Wilhelm Beehteler , Laboratory for Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structure, University of the
Armed Forces, Munich, Germany
Mauriee Bouvard , Institut ed M~canique ed Grenoble, Grenoble, France
Stefano Brunelli , Hydraulics Institute "G.Poleni", University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Tim R.H. Davies , Natural Resources Engineering Department, Lincoln College, Univer-
sity of Canterbury, New Zealand
Giampaolo Di Silvio , Hydraulics Institute "G.PoIeni', University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Franeeseo Dellagiaeoma , Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trent, Italy
Shinji Egashlra, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji,
Kyoto 611, Japan
Luigi Ferrari , Provincia Autonoma id Trento, Trent, Italy
Masaharu Fujita , Department of Civil Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
Zoran Gavrilovie , Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni',
Jaraslava Cernog, Beograd, Jugoslavia
Paolo Ghilardl , Istituto id Idraulica, Politecnico id Milano, Milano, Italy
Walter H. Graf, Laboratoire ed Recherches Hydrauliques, Ecole polytechnique ,elardddF
Lausanne, Suisse
Tadaharu Ishlkawa , Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of ,ygolonhceT
Tokyo, Japan
Koichi Kato , Department of Civil Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
Alberto Lamberti , Hydraulics Institute, University of Bologna, Italy
Zivorad Matovie , Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cer~i',
Jarastava Cernog, Beograd, Jugoslavia
Giovanni Menduni , Istituto id Idraulica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Masanorl Miehiue , Department of Civil Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
Takahisa Mizuyama, public Works Research Institute, Ministry of construction, Japanese
Government, Tsukuba, Japan
Luigi Montefuseo , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florence, Italy
Hiroji Nakagawa , Department of Civil Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Ennio Paris , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florence, Italy
Gary Parker , St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Min-
neapolis, Minnesota, USA
Massimo Peviani , LS.M.E.S. s.p.a. , Bergamo, Italy
Domenico Pianese , Department of Hydraulics, Water Resources Management and Envi-
ronmental Engineering, University of Naples, NapoIi, Italy
Dieter Rickenmann , Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, E.T.H.- Zen-
trum, Ziirich, Switzerland
Fabio Rossi , Institute of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Penta di Faseiano,
Italy
X
Helmut Scheuerlein , hcanrebO sciluardyH ,yrotarobaL lacinhceT University ,hcinuM
,hcinuM Germany
Frledrich SchSberl Institut fiir Konstruktiven uabessaW dnu ,uablennuT t'htisrevinU
,kcurbsnnI Austria
Giovanni Seminara Institute, tIydraulics of University ,aoneG ,aoneG Italy
Yoshihiko Shlmizu Department of Civil ,gnireenignE Ehime University, ,amayustaM
napaJ
Lechostaw Suszka , Institute of ,gnireenigneordyH Polish ymedaca of ,secneicS ,ksnadG
dnaloP
Tetsuro Tsujlmoto , Department of Civil ,gnireenignE awazanaK ,ytisrevinU ,awazanaK
napaJ
Marco Tubino , sciluardyH Institute, ytisrevinU of ,aoneG ,aoneG Italy
Koichl Suzuki , Deparlmenl of Civil ,gnireenignE Ehi m,ytiserevin U ,amayustaM napaJ
Tamotsu Takahashi , Prevention Disaster hcraeseR Institute, Kyoto ,ytisrevinU Kyoto,
napaJ
G. Vogel , yrotarobaL for sciluardyH dna ciluardyH Structure, University of eht Armed
,secroF Munich, ynamreG
I-I.3. Vollmers , yrotarobaL for sciluardyH dna ciluardyH Structure, University of eht
Armed ,secroF Munich, ynamreG
Hans Peter Willi , Swiss laredeF eciffO for Water ,ymonocE Bern, dnalreztiwS
Introduction to the Papers
by
A. Armanini and G. Di Silvio
.1 WATER FLOW IN MOUNTAIN STREAMS
One of the features that characterizes most water flow in mountain streams is the large relative
roughness. In such a case the roughness elements of typical size ks, say the intrusion within the main
flow, have the same order of magnitude as the water depth h ; that is:
z=~
h = O(1) 1)
and the velocity distribution deviates from the logarithmic law
When the relative submergence Z is small enough a roughness sublayer has been recognized near
to the bottom, where the velocity distribution tends to become uniform and Reynolds stresses tend
to be suppressed [W.II.GRAF in paper A1 and tI.NAKAGAWA et alii in paper A2]. The reduction
of measured Reynolds stresses near the bed apparently impairs the values of the bed shear stress
ro = pghj, j being the slope, calculated from the total force balance, tt.NAKAGAWA et alii in paper
A2 try to explain the characteristics of the roughness sublayer and the apparent discrepancies in terms
of eddy shedding from individual roughness elements. As a consequence, hydraulic resistance also
deviates from the normM law accepted in case large submergence:
Besides the velocity distribution ( and the related estimation of resistance), this deviation also
affects the incipient motion condition and sediment transport formulas (Sections 2 and 3).
In order to determine the parameters affecting the hydraulic resistance in a mountain stream in
clear water conditions it is convenient to apply concepts from dimensional analysis. The shear stress
exerted on the bed by the water depends on the following parameters: mean velocity U , water depth
h , acceleration due to gravity g , fluid density p , representative diameter of bed material D,, and
its size and space distribution n :
f(r0, U,h,g,p,D,,n,#)=O 2)
By means of ~r-theorem, equation 2) can be expressed as a function of the following dimensionless
groups:
.f U U h pU-h -,.)= o )3
(~ ' v~' D~ ' ~i
where, in the first group, the shear velocity u, = ~/f~ has been introduced. Even if other combinations
of different dimensionless groups are possible, the i t- five assumed seem to be suitable to describe the
phenomenon under consideration.
The first dimensionless group represents the relative resistance and can be expressed also by means
of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f, or the Ch~zy coefficient X : . . . .
U
The second group represents the Froude number: Fr = v/~.
h
The third ratio is the relative submergence: Z = --.
D,
The fourth group is the Reynolds number: Re = "hTh-~-~ In the natural water courses the turbulent
shear stresses prevail over the viscous forces, such that viscosity does not influence the resistance and
consequently Reynolds number Re can be overlooked.
The fifth parameter n accounts for both the roughness size distribution and its spacing (packing
and imbrication). In most cases, even for non-uniform material, the grain-size distribution allows for
the definition of a unique representative diameter (e.g. Ds0 or Dgo ) which should be also chosen
considering the spacing produced by the flow.
By including the n parameter in the definition of representative diameter, one has:
