Table Of ContentFluorine Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
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Fluorine Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
edited by
Ulrich Flögel
editors
PrebenMaegaard Eric Ahrens
AnnaKrenz
WolfgangPalz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Copyright © 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
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Cover image: “Universe of Imaging,” courtesy of Prof. Juerg Schwitter,
Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center of the University Hospital
Lausanne, CHUV, Switzerland.
ISBN 978-981-4745-31-4 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-981-4745-32-1 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface
xv
Part 1: Technical Issues
1. Pulse Sequence Considerations and Schemes 3
Cornelius Faber and Florian Schmid
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 General Considerations 5
1.2.1 The Pulse Sequences 5
1.2.2 More General Pulse Sequence Considerations 9
1.3 Sensitivity of Particular Sequences in Parameter
Space 11
1.3.1 SNR Efficiencies and Optimum Parameters
for UTE, FLASH and bSSFP 14
1.3.2 SNR Efficiencies and Optimum Parameters
for RARE 17
19
1.4 The Best Pulse Sequence for F MRI 20
19
1.5 Implications for Actual F MRI Measurements 22
1.6 Further Methods to Increase SNR: Heteronuclear
2. AdvanOcveedr hDaeutseecrt iEonnh Taencchenmiqeunet s and Hardware: 23
Simultaneous 19F/1H MRI 29
Lingzhi Hu, Jochen Keupp, Shelton D. Caruthers, Matthew J. Goette,
Gregory M. Lanza, and Samuel A. Wickline
2.1 Imaging Applications of Perfluorocarbon
Nanoparticles and Introduction of Simultaneous
19 1
F/ H MRI 30
2.2 MRI Hardware and Reconstruction for
19 1
Simultaneous F/ H Imaging 33
vi Contents
2.2.1 Scanner Hardware Design 33
2.2.2 MR Reconstruction Methods 34
19 1
2.3 F/ H Dual-Frequency RF Coil Design and System
19 1
Calibration for Simultaneous F/ H Imaging 38
19 1
2.3.1 F/ H Dual-Frequency RF Coil Design 38
2.3.2 MR System and RF Coil Calibration for
19 1
Simultaneous F/ H Imaging 43
19 1
2.4 Advanced MR Sequences for Simultaneous F/ H
Imaging 46
2.4.1 Balanced Ultrashort TE Steady State-Free
Precession Sequence 47
2.4.2 Fluorine Ultrafast Turbo Spectroscopic
Imaging Sequence 49
2.4.3 Blood-Flow Enhanced Saturation Recovery
Sequence 50
3. 2H.5yp erCpoonlcalruizsaiotnio n for Signal Enhancement in Fluorine 52
MR Applications 59
Ute Bommerich, Johannes Bernarding, Denise Lego,
Thomas Trantzschel, and Markus Plaumann
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Hyperpolarization Techniques: History and Physical
Principles 60
3.2.1 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 61
3.2.2 Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear
Polarization 66
3.2.3 Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization 70
3.2.4 Application of HP Methods to MRI 74
19
3.3 Hyperpolarized F: Chronological Results 77
3.3.1 DNP 77
3.3.2 CIDNP 80
3.3.3 PHIP 83
3.4 Perspectives 86
Contents vii
Part 2: 19F Imaging Agents
4. Active Targeting of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions 103
Sebastian Temme, Christoph Grapentin, Tuba Güden-Silber,
and Ulrich Flögel
4.1 A Short Introduction to Perfluorocarbons and
Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions 103
4.2 Generation of Targeted Perfluorocarbon
Nanoemulsions 105
4.2.1 Targeting Ligands 106
4.2.1.1 Antibodies and antibody
derivatives 106
4.2.1.2 Peptides and other targeting
ligands 109
4.2.2 Coupling of Targeting Ligands to PFC-NE 109
4.2.2.1 Functional groups for coupling
reactions 109
4.2.2.2 Generation of targeted PFC-NE 112
4.3 Applications Using Actively Targeted PFC-NE 113
4.3.1 Inflammation 114
4.3.1.1 Imaging immune cells 114
4.3.1.2 Visualization of the activated
endothelium 116
4.3.1.3 Inflammation-associated
angiogenesis 116
4.3.2 Cancer 117
4.3.3 Thrombosis 120
4.3.4 Atherosclerotic Plaques and Restenosis 123
4.3.5 Targeting of Stem Cells 125
5. 4R.e4s poSnusmivme aPrryo baneds fOour t1l9oFo Mk RS/MRI 112461
Aneta Keliris, Klaus Scheffler, and Jörn Engelmann
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Response Mechanisms 143
viii Contents
19
5.3 Classes of F Responsive Probes 144
19
5.3.1 pH-Activatable F Probes 144
19
5.3.2 Metal Ion Responsive F Sensors 147
19
5.3.3 Responsive F Probes for Detection of
Proteins and Their Function 149
5.3.3.1 Enzyme responsive probes 150
5.3.3.2 Sensing non-enzymatic proteins
and nucleic acids 155
19
5.3.4 F Probes Responsive to pO2 158
19
5.4 Sensitivity and Detection Levels for F MRI/MRS 159
5.5 ConcluPsaiornts 3 : Inflammation Imaging 161
6. Imaging Acute Organ Transplant Rejection with 19F MRI 171
T. Kevin Hitchens, Lesley M. Foley, and Qing Ye
6.1 Organ Transplantation 171
6.2 Organ Rejection 173
6.3 In vivo Macrophage Labeling and MRI Cell
Tracking 174
6.4 Detection of Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection
Using MRI Cell Tracking 176
6.5 Detection of Acute Allograft Rejection in the
Heart with MRI Cell Tracking 180
7. 6C.a6r diaCco nDcisluesaisoen s 118951
Ruud B. van Heeswijk, Christine Gonzales, and Juerg Schwitter
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Motion Compensation and Pulse Sequences 195
7.2.1 Cardiac Motion 195
7.2.2 Respiratory Motion 196
7.2.3 Bulk Motion 198
7.3 Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases 199
7.3.1 Angiography 199
Contents ix
7.3.2 Myocarditis 199
7.3.3 Heart Transplantation 202
7.3.4 Myocardial Infarction 203
7.3.5 Atherosclerosis 207
19
7.4 In vitro F-Labeling of Inflammatory Cells 209
7.5P arCto 4n:c lMusoionnist oanrdin Pge rosfp eScpteivceifsi c Cell Populations 210
8. Tracking Lymphocytes in vivo 221
Ghaith Bakdash and Mangala Srinivas
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Lymphocytes 222
8.2.1 Function 222
8.2.2 Migration 223
8.2.3 Autoimmune Disease, Cancer and
Transplant Rejection 225
8.3 Lymphocyte Tracking with Other Imaging
Modalities 226
8.3.1 Nuclear Imaging Techniques 226
8.3.2 Fluorescence Imaging and Microscopy 227
8.4 MRI for Tracking Lymphocytes 228
8.4.1 Iron-Based Imaging 229
8.4.2 Gadolinium-Based Imaging 231
19
8.5 F MRI for Tracking Lymphocytes 231
8.5.1 Labels and Cell Loading 231
8.5.2 In vivo Imaging Data 233
8.5.3 Ex vivo Studies 236
9. 8T.r6a ckiCnogn ocfl uDseinodnr itic Cells 223473
Sonia Waiczies, MinChi Ku, and Thoralf Niendorf
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 About Dendritic Cells 244
9.2.1 Dendritic Cell Classification: Challenges
Ahead 245
