Fluorine and the Environment: Agrochemicals, Archaeology, Green Chemistry & Water

297 Pages·2006·3.98 MB·English

by  Alain Tressaud (Eds.)

Fluorine and the Environment
Agrochemicals, Archaeology,
Green Chemistry & Water
i
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
B. Ameduri,ResearchDirector, CNRS, Montpellier,France
P. Atkins,Director ofEnvironmental Affairs,AlcoaInc., NewYork, USA
G. Haufe,MuensterUniversity, Germany
J. Knowles,UCL, London,UK
T.Nakajima,Aichi Instituteof Technology, Toyota,Japan
M.Pontie´,Laboratory ofEnvironmental Sciences,Angers,France
R. Syvret,ResearchAssociate, Air Products,Allentown, PA,USA
S. Tavener,York University, UK
J. Winfield,Glasgow University, UK
ii
Advances in Fluorine Science
Fluorine and
the Environment
Agrochemicals, Archaeology,
Green Chemistry & Water
Volume 2
Edited by
Alain Tressaud
Research Director CNRS,
ICMCB-CNRS
University of Bordeaux I
Pessac Cedex,
France
Amsterdam(cid:1)Boston(cid:1)Heidelberg(cid:1)London(cid:1)NewYork(cid:1)Oxford(cid:1)Paris
SanDiego(cid:1)SanFrancisco(cid:1)Singapore(cid:1)Sydney(cid:1)Tokyo
iii
Elsevier
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CONTENTS
Contributors vii
Preface ix
1. Fluoride Removal from Water Using Adsorption Technique 1
Maurice S. Onyango and Hitoki Matsuda
2. Water Defluoridation Processes: A Review. Application: Nanofiltra-
tion (NF) for Future Large-Scale Pilot Plants 49
M. Pontie´, C. Diawara, A. Lhassani, H. Dach, M. Rumeau,
H. Buisson and J.C. Schrotter
3. Calixpyrrole–Fluoride Interactions: From Fundamental Research to
Applications in the Environmental Field 81
Angela F. Danil de Namor and Ismail Abbas
4. Fluorine-Containing Agrochemicals: An Overview of Recent
Developments 121
George Theodoridis
5. Fluorine: Friend or Foe? A Green Chemist’s Perspective 177
Stewart J. Tavener and James H. Clark
6. Emerging ‘‘Greener’’ Synthetic Routes to Hydrofluorocarbons: Metal
Fluoride-Mediated Oxyfluorination 203
M.A. Subramanian and T.G. Calvarese
7. Fluorine Analysis by Ion Beam Techniques for Dating Applications 215
M. Do¨beli, A.A.-M. Gaschen and U. Kra¨henbu¨hl
8. Fluorine and Its Relevance for Archaeological Studies 253
Ina Reiche
Subject Index 285
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Contributors
Ismail Abbas 81
H. Buisson 49
T.G. Calvarese 203
James H. Clark 177
H. Dach 49
Angela F. Danil de Namor 81
C. Diawara 49
M. Do¨beli 215
A.A.-M. Gaschen 215
U. Kra¨henbu¨hl 215
A. Lhassani 49
Hitoki Matsuda 1
Maurice S. Onyango 1
M. Pontie´ 49
Ina Reiche 253
M. Rumeau 49
J.C. Schrotter 49
M.A. Subramanian 203
Stewart J. Tavener 177
George Theodoridis 121
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Preface
‘‘Advances in Fluorine Science’’ is a new book series presenting critical multi-
disciplinaryoverviewsonareasinwhichfluorineandfluoridecompoundshavea
decisive impact. The individual volumes of Advances in Fluorine Science are
thematic, addressingcomprehensively boththe science andapplications ontop-
ics including the Environment, Green chemistry, Medicine, Health & Life Sci-
ences, New Technologies & Materials Science, Energy and the Earth Sciences.
The first volume of the series, that is ‘‘Fluorine and the Environment: Atmos-
pheric Chemistry, Emissions & Lithosphere’’ covered a wide scope of important
issues about our atmospheric environment. The contributions, written by chem-
ists and environmental scientists, mostly dealt with the effects of fluorine-based
gases and emissions either from natural or anthropogenic origin. The present
volume deals with other topics concerned by Fluorine and the Environment, in-
cludingWater,Agrochemicals,GreenChemistry,AnalyticalaspectsandArchae-
ology.
Fluorine constitutes 0.065% of the Earth’s crust and is among the first fifteen
elements in importance on Earth. This element is present in most parts of the
geosphere: it is found as fluoride ion in more than 300minerals, in volcanic
magmas, large crystals, etc; also in oceans, lakes, rivers, and all other forms of
naturalwater;inthebones,teeth,andbloodofallmammals,insomeplants,etc.
Various fluorine-containing ores are used in advanced technologies, e.g. the
metallurgyofaluminiumwhichhasbeendevelopedonecenturyagothankstothe
flux properties of cryolite (Na AlF ). We can quote also rare-earth elements,
3 6
largely used in TV screens, which are extracted from fluorocarbonate minerals,
andnaturalcrystalsoffluorite(orfluorspar)whicharenowadaysusedasstarting
material for the growth of ultra pure single crystals of CaF : such an ultra-high
2
quality material is required for use as windows for the development of 157nm
lithography ion microelectronics.
In the present volume, the key-position of fluoro-products in agriculture is re-
viewed, since a large percentage of agro-chemicals and pesticides contain at
least one fluorine atom. However, improvements in the use of fluorine-based
products in agrochemicals could not be developed without taking into consider-
ation a safer environment, on both levels of greener synthesis routes and a
reductionofthenegativeimpactonplantsandorganisms.Greenchemistrywhich
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