Table Of Content
Fluid Power
with Applications
Fourth Edition
Anthony Esposito
Professor Emeritus
Department of Manufacturing Engineering
‘Miami University
Oxtord, Otvo
4
PRENTICE HALL
Uppor Saddie River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio
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Preface
‘The primary puenase af the Fonth Faltion of Fluid Power with Applications
remire the same a6 that of the previans editions: to prowids tre student with
inn, hase hackeronnd the wast fed of ul power. A snc, this honk cavers
those subjets essential to understanding the design, analysis, operation, ant
Iiaintennne of fie power systems, Simul, ts witten fv engineering tech
rolosists, eng nosing technicians, aul appeenties of instal taining. pre
‘sn he previeus editions, although sheney is presanted were desirable,
the emphasis i pad onrnindersanding how and why Thi power system oper
te and on practieal anlitions as we. In this way, the stat fears not ony
the "hy" but aso the “hows” of uid power system operation
Fase on input ron: users ofthe Thind Fitinn and from my colleagues, the
following major changes have heen incorporated inthis hook:
4. Loaring objectives have been identified at the besinin of cach chapter.
In this way the student can deteraine waat important koowledae sad probleat
solving techniques should be learned upon completing each chapter
2. The exercises athe end ofeach have been modied and grouped
swcoring to yulject valeguren, This allay the ftiucior to assign exercises
nore sealy to the sualent to iprve learning a problen-selvingtechaiques.
3. Section 8 on environmental isu has hoon incorporate to reflect the
ever-increasing nzed to conserve nrural resources and protect the environment
Protace
Key environmental iss discussel ere developing biodegradable fits, reducing
Co leakage, and redveing nese Heels
44, A now section, See, 2.15, desctibes tae proper ways to maintain and
igpoeeo° hydra uid. This ston is wonsistent with the fat that «is vers
esha co minemze the geeraton uf waste ayéraulis Bus and to spose of
them int envireaiertaly sound manne
45, Section §.19 has heen added describing the wse of computers to analyze
hydcotie systems Ii rea. eatly desieable 1 optimize the operation of hy rad
eftens based en & performanceys.cost analysis. In urder to perform the Migs
Tatber or caculatians to optimize complet Eydranic systems in # reasonable
ortod of ime its nesessary to utilce computers By using computers, the valoe
Tray sytem parnincter cat he ehenged. and the effect on system pesformance
(an be quickly determined aad ecmpured tothe eos of changing ne co"respund
ng componen: ar fh in the actual system
6, Section 6.8 has been ade ident the orieinal sourses af noise in
hhydratfe-systens and deserine melius for redueng noise levels. Con:rlirg
eve Teves er tially important in (errs of preventing human accidents Ju 0
Toise masking aswell as protecting ssinst permanent Loss of hearing.
1. A section (Sec, 7.3) om the mechanics of hydra evlindr loutings has
teen ncorported. This scetion dscsses the use of Various neshamical linkages
tb inereese ow decrease the effective leverage and stroke of hytrauhc cylinders
A second chaprer on pcuuvaties has been aed 19 provide further cover
age o” this important segment of Muid power. Additonal topics covered incl
secmale cert design consdersions. vac systems, econemie cost of en-
Fray losses due to fletion ang leakage, and poser regutements of compressor
1, wo sections (Sees. 14.6 and 14.7) on the subject of fod contamination
have bean added, Those sections deal with the effet of entrained pases om by~
‘mae cysems andthe wear of moving mat ng puts due wo solif-paricle coma
ftaion of the Rui ‘Tis mew material reflects the fact tht more thax hai of all
Inedeuulic sytem proolems have Beer. ce to the hydraulic i
10, Greate: emphasis nis boeu peed on the metric system of unis through
‘out the Fourth ition. For evampie, in the cad of shaper exereses the letter B
{owing the excuse number indizates that English unis are used an he eter
indicates mevsic units. This weet the C-S. inustry’s trend toward jreveased,
tae ofthe mic system ia the manusctare ofl rypes of products
‘Asi the ease ofthe previous editions, Lam idabted tothe numer Mid
power equipment mnufactning compenics for permiting the inclusion of thei
Dhotograrhs aad other istiatios inthis textbook,
Preface
I thank Wes Baldwin, Hall Slate Criversty, Dr, Tim Brown, Tei County
Technical College, Ravmond Fiorcci, Rack Valley Colle, and Seve Widmer,
Purdue University for reviewing the manuscript and providing nan helpful sig
cstions and comzens for iriproving this Fourth Lion. Thanks 0 Rex David
Sen at Prentice Mall for hancling the praduction of ths edtcn
also wis to thank the ters ofthe previous editions for their many con
sinsctive suggestions, which have aso heen incorparated
Anttony Esporte
Contents
PREFACE
UNTRODUCTION To FLUID POWER
Learning Objectives
LI What Is Flid Power?
12. History of Fluid Power 4
13 Advartages of Fnid Power 6
14 Applications of Hud Power £0
1S Components of Haid Rser System 16
6 Types of Fluie Power Conetol Systems 20
Li The Fuid Poser Industry 28
L8 Environmental Issues 4¥
Exercises 3
PROPERTIES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
a
ning Ohiectives 36
21 lowoduction 37
2.2 Fluids: Liquids and Gases 38
36
a
2.4 Weight, Density. and Specific Gravity — 49
2a
2.5. The SI Meuic 8
2.6 Pascal's Law
27 Halk Modulus 59
28 Wscasty and Viscosity Index 60
2.9. Oxidation and Corrosion Prevention 6
2.10 Pre Resist Fluids 70
BAL Fnun-Resistane Puids 74
22 Latbricatig Abily 4
2.13. Neutralization Number 77
2.14 Genera ‘Typos of Fluids 80
2.15 Maintuning and Disposing of Fids 8?
2.16 Mustrative Fxamples Using the St Metie Systems AS
Fxercises
ENERGY AND POWER IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
Learning Objectives 90
34 Batroduction 9
3.2 Review of Mechanics 9!
Applications of Pascal's Law 95
Conservation of Faaray 103
a
3.5. The Con:inuity Fqustion 108
5.6 Hydraulic Howseoowe> 107
347 Bemoul’s Kquation 12!
3.8 Torricell’s Theorem 117
39° The Sinton 119
3.10 Energy, Power, and Flow Rates inthe SI Metric System
3.11 Mustmtive Pxample Using the SE Metic System 127
Exercises 25
THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Learning Qejectives 113
41 Introduction 133
42. Contustor Sizing for How-Rate Requirements 124
contents
133
Contents
4.3) Pressure Rating of Coudbetors 136
Aa Stoel sipes 159
43° Stoel Tubing 142
46 Plastic Tubing 148
47 Flexible lanes 148
48 Quick Discomneet Couplings 152
49 Menic Stel Tubing 255
rereises 137
5 ASICS OF HYDRAULIC FLOWN PIRES (7 160
Learning Objectives 140
SAL Induction t62
52 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 167
53. Reynolds Number 157
54 Datey's Ryuation 165
5.5. Frictional Losses ia Laminar Mow 166
5.6 Frictional Losses in Turbulent How 167
5. Lossesin Valves and Fities 47
58 lat Length Tecigne 175
50 cuit Analysis 178
£110 Flow Measurement 180
EA: Pressure Messurement 18
12 Hydraulic Circuit Analysis Using the SI Metric System 187
5.13 Computer Analysis of Hydranlic Systems 190
Exercises 196
202
G THE SouncE oF HvoRAULIC PowEn: puMPS
Learning Objectives 262
6 Anteduetion 205
62 Pumping theory 204
63. Puup Classifeation 206
64 Gear Pumps 268
65 Vane Pumas 716
66 Piston Pumps 222
5.2 Pump Povformince 230
68 Pomp Nowe 237
9 tmp Selection M2
6.A0 Pressure vensiters 247
Git} Pump Performance Ratings in Metric Unis
Exercises 249
7 «rw romen ACTUATORS
Leaming Objectives 254
7 Intvoduction 255
32. Linear Hyiianlic Actuators (Hyslaule Cylinders)
33) Mechanics of Hydraulic Cynder Loadings 268
44 Limited Rotation Hydraulic Action 272
15 Gest Mowrs 278
76 vane Moors 290
TF Piston Mowo:s 240
7.8 Hydraulic Motor Performance 248
79. Mydrostatic Transmissions 262
7.10 Flestrehyuraulc Steneing Motors 296
TL Low-Speci, High Toreus Motors, 07
712. Llydrautic Motnr Performance Rating in Metric Units
xetcises 308
as
w
8 cpvrnoe COMPONENTS IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS (5
i.)
Leaning Objetives 5
RA Antroduction 316
82. Directional Control Vaves 317
83 Pressure Control Valves 9
84 Hlow Comical Valves 0
85 Servo Valves 342
‘86 Curidge Valves 347)
7 Liyeraulic Fuses 320
88 Pressure und Temperature Switches 34
89 Shock Absorbers 33
Exercises 363
Contents
25a
315
