Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae)

521 Pages·1998·19.462 MB·English

by  K. Kubitzki (auth.), Professor Dr. Klaus Kubitzki (eds.)

THE FAMILIES
AND GENERA
OF VASCULAR PLANTS
Edited by K. Kubitzki
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Volumes published in this series:
Volume I Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Edited by K.U. Kramer and P.S. Green (1990)
Volume II Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid
Families
Edited by K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, and V. Bittrich (1993)
Volume III Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)
Edited by K. Kubitzki {1998)
Volume IV Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae
(except Gramineae)
Edited by K. Kubitzki {1998)
The Families
and Genera
of Vascular Plants
Edited by K. Kubitzki
I V
Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons
Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae)
Volume Editor:
K. Kubitzki
in Collaboration with H. Huber, P.J. Rudall, P.S. Stevens, and T. Stiitzel
With 126 Figures
Springer
Professor Dr. KLAUS KUBITZKI
Institut fiir Allgemeine Botanik
und Botanischer Garten
OhnhorststraBe 18
22609 Hamburg, Germany
ISBN 978-3-642-08378-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Flowering plants, Monocotyledons : Alismatanae and Commelinanae
(except Gramineae) I volume editor, K. Kubitzki; in collaboration
with H. Huber ... [et al.].
p. em.-(The families and genera of vascular plants; 4)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-642-08378-5 ISBN 978-3-662-03531-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3
1. Monocotyledons - Classification. I. Kubitzki, Klaus, 1933-
II. Huber, Herbert, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ill. Series.
QK495.A14F54 1998
584'.7-dc21
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1998
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SPIN 10576134 31/3137-5 4 3 2 1 0-Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
When Rolf Dahlgren and I embarked on preparing this book series, Rolf took prime
responsibility for monocotyledons, which had interested him for a long time. After
finishing his comparative study and family classification of the monocots, he devoted
much energy to the acquisition and editing of family treatments for the present series.
After his untimely death, Peter Goldblatt, who had worked with him, continued to handle
further incoming monocot manuscripts until, in the early 1990s, his other obligations no
longer allowed him to continue. At that time, some 30 manuscripts in various states of
perfection had accumulated, which seemed to form a solid basis for a speedy completion
of the FGVP monocots; with the exception of the grasses and orchids which would appear
in separate volumes. I felt a strong obligation to do everything to help in publishing the
manuscripts that had been put into our hands. I finally decided to take charge of them
personally, although during my life as a botainst I had never seriously been interested in
monocots.
The beginning of my involvement coincided with the revival of interest in monocot
systematics, which became manifest in the Kew Monocot Conference and the publication
of its proceedings in 1995. The latter helped me greatly in finding access to modern
concepts in monocot classification and evolution; this made it necessary to make consid
erable changes to all the existing contributions. The results from molecular systematics
have not only greatly influenced phylogenetic concepts but have also led to an increase in
the number of monocot families, contrary to my original aim to reduce them. It is likely
that a number of genera such as those treated here as "genera anomala" may deserve
family status; further progress in molecular systematics, implying the use of additional
genes and a denser sampling, will certainly result in changes of our phylogenetic and
taxonomic concepts.
While working on these volumes, I tried to do justice to the most recent scientific
developments and, at the same time, tried not to lose sight of the legacy left to us from
earlier generations. Therefore, I often added information from important earlier works,
especially from the German morphological literature that is largely unknown abroad. In
floral morphology, I aimed at greater precision and clarity and made in these two volumes
a consistent distinction between style and stylulus (for an explanation of the latter term,
see footnote on p. 382, Vol. III). Nevertheless, I am fully aware of possible imperfections
and inconsistencies in the more than 100 family contributions; any attempt at reducing
their number, however, would have meant an unjustifiable delay in the publication of
these volumes.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who supported my work in various
ways. The directors and curators of the herbaria in Berlin, Geneva, Kew, and Munich
always responded quickly in putting critical and rare herbarium material at my disposal.
W. Barthlott, R. Brummitt, M. Chase, J. Reveal, F. Salamini, and D.W. Stevenson, among
others, provided important information as to their own or others' recent work. A.
Meerow, Nam Soak Lee, J. Kadereit, M. Sazima, T. Sttitzel, S. Verhook, Woo-Tschul Lee,
and the librarians of my own institution, of the Botanic Garden and Museum at Berlin
and of the Botanische Staatssammlung Mtinchen helped with rare literature. C. Bayer, P.E.
Berry, C.D.K. Cook, D.A. Cooke, M. Fay, P. Goldblatt, 0. Huber, M. Lock, S. Mayo, A.
Meerow, I. Nordal, H.-H. Poppendieck, S.S. Renner, J. Semir, M. Sazima, H.-J. Tillich, G.
Wiegleb, and others read and commented on manuscripts. C. Schirarend and H.-H.
Poppendieck offered important help with translations from Russian and into English,
VI Preface
respectively. C. Bayer very patiently tried to develop my understanding of inflorescence
morphology. A special word of thanks, for his unfailing help, is due to J. Bogner, who not
only reviewed various manuscripts but also provided important plant material and illus
trations. For the generous permission to use illustrations from Vol. 6 of his Plant Life
(Leningrad 1982), I am deeply indebted to A.L. Takhtajan. I am also most grateful to all
those authors and copyright holders who permitted the use of their illustrations. Likewise,
I wish to thank H.-D. Behnke, C.D.K. Cook, E. Kohler, J. Kress, H.P. Linder, R. Mello-Silva,
S. Nilsson with E. Grafstrom, and M. Harley for making valuable light, scanning and
transmission electron microscope photographs available.
Finally, I wish to thank all contributors for generously sharing their specialist knowl
edge and for their patience, with which they reacted to all my suggestions and requests.
Last, but not least, my thanks go to the editorial and production staff of Springer Verlag
who, as always, have done splendid work.
Hamburg, May 1998 K. KUBITZKI
Contents
CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS VOLUME
K. KUBITZKI ...... .
GENERAL REFERENCES 5
Acoraceae J. BoGNER and S.J. MAYO 7
Alismataceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LEs, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN 11
Anarthriaceae H.P. LINDER, B.G. BRIGGS, and L.A.S. JoHNSON . 19
Aponogetonaceae H.W.E. van BRUGGEN ......... . 21
Araceae S.J. MAYO, J. BoGNER, and P.C. BoYCE 26
Bromeliaceae L.B. SMITH and W. TILL 74
Butomaceae C.D.K. CooK 100
Cannaceae K. KUBITZKI 103
Centrolepidaceae D.A. CooKE 106
Commelinaceae R.B. FADEN 109
Costaceae K. LARSEN 128
Cymodoceaceae J, Kuo and A.J. McCOMB 133
Cyperaceae P. GOETGHEBEUR .... 141
Dasypogonaceae H.T. CLIFFORD, G.J. KEIGHERY, and J.G. CoNRAN. 190
Ecdeiocoleaceae H.P. LINDER, B.G. BRIGGS, and L.A.S. JoHNSON . 195
Eriocaulaceae T. STUTZEL ......... . 197
Flagellariaceae 0. APPEL and C. BAYER . 208
Haemodoraceae M.G. SIMPSON . . . . . . 212
Hanguanaceae C. BAYER, 0. APPEL, and P.J. RuDALL 223
Heliconiaceae L. ANDERSSON 226
Hydatellaceae U.HAMANN 231
Hydrocharitaceae C.D.K. CooK . 234
Joinvilleaceae C. BAYER and 0. APPEL 249
Juncaceae H. BALSLEV ...... . 252
Juncaginaceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LEs, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN. 260
Lemnaceae E. LANDOLT .................... . 264
Limnocharitaceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LEs, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN . 271
Lowiaceae K. LARSEN .. 275
Marantaceae L. ANDERSSON 278
Mayacaceae D.W. STEVENSON 294
Musaceae L. ANDERSSON . . 296
Najadaceae R.R. HAYNES, L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN, and D.H. LEs . 301
VIII Contents
Palmae J. DRANSFIELD and N.W. UHL 306
Philydraceae U. HAMANN ...... . 389
Pontederiaceae C.D.K. CooK . . . . . . . . . . 395
Posidoniaceae J. Kuo and A.J. McCOMB ... 404
Potamogetonaceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LEs, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN. 408
Rapateaceae D.W. STEVENSON, M. CoLELLA, and B. BooM ... 415
Restionaceae H.P. LINDER, B.G. BRIGGs, and L.A.S. JoHNSON .. 425
Ruppiaceae R.R. HAYNES, L.B. HOLM-NIELSEN, and D.H. LEs . 445
Scheuchzeriaceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LEs, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN. 449
Strelitziaceae L. ANDERSSON 451
Thurniaceae K. KUBITZKI 455
Typhaceae K. KUBITZKI 457
Xyridaceae R. KRAL .. 461
Zannichelliaceae R.R. HAYNES, D.H. LES, and L.B. HoLM-NIELSEN. 470
Zingiberaceae K. LARSEN, J.M. LOCK, H. MAAS, and P.J.M. MAAS 474
Zosteraceae J. Kuo and A.J. McCoMB 496
Index of Scientific Names 503
List of Contributors
ANDERSSON, L. Institute of Systematic Botany, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22,
41319 Goteborg, Sweden
APPEL, 0. Institut flir Allgemeine Botanik und Herbarium, Universitat
Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
BALSLEY, H. University of Aarhus, Botanical Institute, Nordlandsvej 68,
8240 Risskov, Denmark
BAYER, C. Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik und Herbarium, Universitat
Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
BoGNER, J. Menzinger Str. 63, 80638 Munchen, Germany
BooM, B. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-
5126, USA
BoYcE, P. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB,
UK
BRIGGS, B.G. Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Sydney,
NSW 2000, Australia
BRUGGEN, H.W.E. van Linthorst Homanstraat 19, 1963 KM Hemskeerk,
The Netherl ands
CLIFFORD, H.T. Queensland Museum, P.O.B. 3300, South Brisbane Qld 4101,
Australia
CoLELLA, M. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-
5126, USA
CoNRAN, J.G. Department of Botany, University of Adelaide, Adelaide
S.A. 5005, Australia
CooK, C.D.K. Botanischer Garten, Universitat Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107,
8008 Zurich, Switzerland
CooKE, D.A. 58 Gardiner Avenue, Warradale S.A. 5046, Australia
DRANSFIELD, J. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Survey TWG 3AB,
UK
FADEN, R.B. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany NBH 166,
Washington DC 20560-0001, USA
GoETGHEBEUR, P.J. Laboratory of Plant Systematics, University of Gent,
Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
HAMANN, U. Deceased
HAYNES, R.R. University of Alabama, Dept. of Botany, P.O.B. 870344,
Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0344, USA
HoLM-NIELSEN, L.B. The World Bank, ESP Washington DC. 20433, USA
X List of Contributors
HUBER, H. Universitat Kaiserslautern, FB Biologie, Postfach 3049,
67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
JOHNSON, L.A.S. Deceased
KEIGHERY, G.J. Western Australian Wildlife Research Center, Department of
Conservation and Land Management, P.O.B. 51, Wanneroo
W.A. 6065, Australia
KRAL R. Biology Department, Vanderbilt University, Box 1705, StaB,
Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA -
KUBITZKI, K. Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik und Herbarium, Universitat
Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18,22609 Hamburg, Germany
Kuo,J. Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis University of
Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 6009, Australia
LANDOLT, E. Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Rubel,
Zurichbergstr. 38, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
LARSEN, K. University of Aarhus, Botanical Institute, Nordlandsvej 68,
8240 Risskov, Denmark
LES, D.H. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3042, USA
LINDER, H.P. Botany Department, University of Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
LOCK, J.M. Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,
Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
MAAS van der Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,
KAMER, H. University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht,
The Netherlands
MAAS, P.J.M. Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,
University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht,
The Netherlands
MAYO, S.J. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
McCoMB, A.J. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Murdoch
University, Murdoch W.A. 6150, Australia
RUDALL, P.J. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
SIMPSON, M.G. Department of Biology, San Diego State University,
San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
SMITH, L.B. Deceased
STEVENSON, D.W. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-
5126, USA
STUTZEL, T. Spezielle Botanik, Ruhr-Universitat, Postfach 10 21 48,
44801 Bochum, Germany
w.
TILL, Institut fur Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Rennweg 14,
1030 Wien, Austria
UHL,N.W. L.H. Bailey Hortorium, 462 Mann Library,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA