Table Of Contentflotation
THEORY, REAGENTS AND ORE TESTING
Róñala D. Crozier
752
rr<n
PERGAMON PRESS
flotation
THEORY, REAGENTS AND ORE TESTING
Flotation has become one of the most important techniques
available for mineral processing. This work provides a unique
and authoriíative review of sulphide mineral collector
properties, their manufacture and use with specific ores. Special
emphasis is placed on the different flotation mechanisms
involved in particle capture of sulphide and non-sulphide
minerals and the effect of antagonal mechanisms on reagent
selection.
The author provides details, some previously unpublished, of
the chemical properties, manufacture methods and possible
surface-active impurities of commercial collectors and frothers.
In addition, the chemical composition of a broad number of
North American and European commercial reagent designations
are usted.
Ore sampling, sample preparation, testing machines and
routines are covered as practica! guides to mine laboratory staff.
Suggestions to testing procedures, equipment selection and
graphical data evaluation methods to multivariable problems are
provided.
Arecommended text for practising flotation mili metallurgists,
technicians and professional engineers working in the mining.
and mineral processing industry. Also of interest to laboratories
serving geologists, mining exploration and water treatment
áreas.
ISBN O 08 041864 3
9780080418643
FlOTA1'~ON
Theorv, Reagents and Ore Testing
\
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Full details of all Pergamon publications/free specimen copy of any
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Fl
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Theory, Reagents and Ore Testing
by
RONALD D. CROZIER, C.Eng., F.I.M.M., Ph.D.
Consulting Engineer, Santiago, Chile
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PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD . NEW YORK . SEOUL . TOKYO
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U,IC Pergamon Press pie, Headington Hill Hall,
Oxford OX3 OBW, England
U.5A Pergamon Press, lnc, 395 Saw Mili River Road,
Elmsford, New York 10523, U.s.A,
I<OREA Pergamon Press I<orea, I<POBox 315, Seoul 110-603, I<orea
JAPAN Pergamon Press Japan, Tsunashirna Building Annex,
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Copyright @ 1992 Pergamon Press pie
AII Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, storedina retrieval system ortransmittedinany
form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic
tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
First edition 1992
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Crozier, Ronald D.
Flotation: theory, reagents, and ore testing/by Ronald D.
Crozier.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Flotation. 2. Flotation reagents. 1. Title.
TN523.C76 1992 622'.752--dc20 91-33446
ISBN 0-08-041864-3
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
G-UIM A catalogue record for this book is available frorn
the British Library
Printed in Great Britain by BPCC Wheatons Ud, Exeter
CONTENTS
lntroductíon 1
Chapter1. Flotatíon Fundamentals 5
Definitionof terms 5
Reagentsemployedin flotation 9
Chapter2. The MechanísmoCFlotation 11
Coursingbubbleflotation 12
Contactangle and Hallimond tubemeasurements 13
Nascentbubbleflotation 17
Electrontransfer to mineralsurface 18
Chapter3. SulphideMineral Flotation 25
Stereochemistryofxanthatesand dithiophosphates 25
Sixcoordination complexes 25
Sevencoordination complexes 26
Dithiolatechemistryandsurface compounds 29
Thiolcollectorbondingwith sulphide minerals 36
The natureof the bubble-particlebond 40
Frother-collector surfacecomplexes 44
Chapter4. Thiol CollectorChemistry 46
Propertiesofxanthates 47
Manufactureof aIkali metalalkylxanthates 49
Manufactureof thiophosphates 55
Manufactureofxanthogenformates 58
Manufactureof dialkyl thionocarbamates 62
Miscellaneouscollectorstructures \ 64
Chapter5. Cornrnercial SulphhydrylCollectors 66
v
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Chapter6. Propertles ofFlotatíon Froths 85
Flotation frothers and froth hyclrodynamics 85
. Dynamicfroth stability 85
The effect ofthe collectoron froth properties 86
Theinfluence ofthe frother on the rate offlotation 88
Overoiling 92
Chapter7. Chemícal Properties oíFrothers 94
Partiallysolublefrothers 94
Completelywatermiscible frothers 98
Chapter8. Flotation Modifiers 101
Activating agents 102
Inorganicdepressants 103
Organicdepressants 105
Chapter9. Sulpbides -DepressionandActivation 107
Sodium sulphide 107
Chemicalproperties ofsulphides 107
Molybdenumconcentrate cleaning 111
Copperdepression inthe molybdeniteseparation 116
Sodiumsulphideas a depressant 117
The chemistryoftheNokesreagents 120
Sulphidisationofrefractoryores 122
Chapter10. Mili Tests -CaseHistories 127
San Manuel-anon-sulphide moly separationprocess 127
CODELCOAndina-slime sulphidisation 136
CODELCOElTeniente -molybdeniterecovery 147
Chapter11. SulpbideMili Practice 174
Reagentconsumptionintheflotation industry 174
Coppermill data 176
Flotationprocessdesign 200
Coppermillflotationpractice 205
Non-sulphidecopperores 208
Flotationofcomplexores 209
vi
u.
Chapter Noa-metallíc !\/1!i!ll!eJrall 1Fliot,il!l1:imn 212
Non-sulphide mineral flotation 212
The nature of oilycollector flotatíon 213
Structure of mineral surfaces 216
Mechanism ofcollector adhesion 217
Collectorsfor industrial minerals 220
Fattyacids 221
Anioniccollector chemistry 224
Industriallyimportantfatty acid collectors 225
Cationiccollector chemistry 225
Factorsaffectingselective flotation 228
Metallicoxide minerals millpractice 229
Industrialmineralsmill practice 230
Chapter13. FlotatíonTesting 258
Planninga test 258
Experimentaldesign 260
Testingprocedures 276
Equippingthe flotation laboratory 278
Comparisonoflaboratoryflotation machines 285
Samplingandsamplepreparation 287
Samplingworkingconcentrators 291
Testingroutines 295
Testproceduresusedbya reagentsupplier 297
Recommendationson settingtest conditions 303
Batchflotation tests 306
Standardtest procedureusedbySherexon coal 310
Columntesting 313
Flotationcolumntestingexamples 317
Bibliography 324
Subject Index 336
Author Index 343
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