Table Of ContentFLORISTIC AFFINITIES OF HORSE MOUNTAIN, GROUSE MOUNTAIN, BOARD
CAMP MOUNTAIN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HUMBOLDT COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
By
Cara Witte Scott
A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Humboldt State University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Arts
In Biology
December 2010
FLORISTIC AFFINITIES OF HORSE MOUNTAIN, GROUSE MOUNTAIN, BOARD
CAMP MOUNTAIN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HUMBOLDT COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
By
Cara Witte Scott
Approved by the Master’s Thesis Committee:
Dr. Michael R. Mesler, Major Professor Date
Dr. John O. Sawyer, Committee Member Date
Dr. Erik S. Jules, Committee Member Date
Dr. John O. Reiss, Committee Member Date
Dr. Kenneth R. Aalto, Committee Member Date
Dr. Michael R. Mesler, Graduate Coordinator Date
Jená Burges, Vice Provost Date
ABSTRACT
Floristic studies are especially timely since habitat loss is increasing dramatically.
From the conservation perspective, it is imperative to document the distribution of plant
species in areas that are floristically rich. For this study, I conducted a floristic survey
along a 20-mile transect in the Horse Mountain, Grouse Mountain and Board Camp
Mountain areas of Humboldt County, California. I also determined the
phytogeographical affinities of the taxa I found and made comparisons between my flora
and 11 other northwest California floras. Additionally, I made a comparison between my
flora and the historical collection of Joseph Prince Tracy, a botanist who collected
extensively in the same area during the early 1900s. I used an informal stratified
sampling regime to cover the different vegetation types within the study area. Five
hundred and forty-eight species were identified from 77 vascular plant families, including
18 California Native Plant Society listed taxa and 28 taxa endemic to northwest
California. Most had affinities to western North America (273 species) due to the lower
elevational position of the study area. One fifth show affinities to the California Floristic
Province (124 species, including 23 endemics), and another 17% (96 species, including 5
endemics) had boreal affinities that are found throughout the state’s mountains at higher
elevations. Some 56 species are not native to the California. I used ordination and
cluster analysis to compare my flora to 11 other northwest California floras. These
analyses revealed two main groups: (1) montane floras of the Klamath Region and (2)
low and montane elevation floras of both the Klamath Mountains (Old Gasquet Toll
iii
Road, 58% shared taxa) and Coast Ranges (Lassics and Snow Mountain, both 65%
shared taxa). Comparisons between my flora and the Tracy collection found 295 species
in common. Of the 439 taxa Tracy documented from the study area and nearby South
Fork Mountain, three non-native species were present during his time suggesting an
influx of 54 non-native species over the last 60 years.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank my major professor, Michael Mesler, for
his support, guidance, and patience through the life of this thesis. Thank you so much for
teaching me about the plants of northwest California, spending countless hours verifying
taxa, and for teaching me how to write the English language. Your dedication to your
students is unending and your enthusiasm is contagious. I am proud to be a member of
the “Mesler grad student” club.
I would also like to thank my graduate committee members, Drs. Erik Jules, John
Reiss, and Ken Aalto for their advice along the way and useful comments on the
manuscript. I am extremely grateful for the help of committee member, Dr. John Sawyer,
for helping me gain my footing in the early stages of this thesis, teaching me how to
categorize the flora into phytogeographical categories, and make sense of a very
interesting ordination. It was an honor to work with you.
A special thank you to Dr. J.P. Smith who provided me with updated synonymy
checklists, helped track down floras for comparison and provided information about J.P.
Tracy. Also, a huge thank you to Robin Bencie for moving my collection in and out of
driers, freezers, and cabinets, help with identifying difficult taxa, and for being such a
great mentor during my career as a graduate student. Thank you also to Sydney
Carothers for verifying my Carex specimens, help with identifying difficult taxa, and for
providing moral and editorial support. I am indebted to Helen Constantine Shull and
Gordon Leppig whose master’s theses I referenced constantly.
v
This thesis could not have been done without the hard work of my botanical
predecessors (and heroes) whose theses and checklists provided a means of comparison:
J.P. Tracy, G. Muth, G. Smith, C. Wheeler, J. Kraemer, M. Butler, W. Ferlatte, C.
Ground, A. Hobart, D. Gillespie, F. Oettinger, J. Neilson, D. McQuaid, K. Stillman, J.
Whipple, L. Heckard, J. Hickman, L. Barker, T. Nelson, and L. Simpson. Your botanical
contributions helped make my thesis possible.
Thank you to Lisa Hoover, John McRae, and Joshua Read of Six Rivers National
Forest for providing collecting permits and general information about the Forest. Ashley
Hawkins and David Franklin for help with PC-ORD and lending statistical advice.
Thank you also to Jenna Lee, Greg O’Connell and Dr. Dennis Walker who journeyed
with me into the depths of Grouse Mountain and Board Camp; and to the University of
California/Jepson Herbarium for allowing me to spend time reading J.P. Tracy’s
collecting notebooks. Financial assistance was provided by Northern California Botanists
and the Humboldt State University Biology Department Master’s Grant.
An extra special thank you to my friends and family, especially my parents, for
their loving support and never-ending encouragement.
Last, but certainly not least, my husband, Michael Scott, who innocently dropped
me off at the Library Circle in August 2001 to attend a General Botany class not know
what had just begun. You have been by my side along this academic journey, and I thank
you for your patience, strength, and support in helping me achieve my goals.
vi
DEDICATION
To my loyal collecting partner, astute field assistant and mountain lion body guard,
Buddy Witte Scott.
Even though you complained constantly that it was too hot and often bailed on me to
chase deer, your companionship in the field was appreciated. Thank you for your
commitment to this project.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................v
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................xi
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................xii
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
Location and Boundaries........................................................................................2
Physiography...........................................................................................................2
Climate....................................................................................................................6
Geology...................................................................................................................7
History of Human Impact.....................................................................................10
Botanical History..................................................................................................12
Vegetation.............................................................................................................13
Phytogeography....................................................................................................18
METHODS.......................................................................................................................20
Field Methods.......................................................................................................20
Specimen Identification Procedures.....................................................................21
Floristic Analyses..................................................................................................24
Assignment of Phytogeographical Categories..........................................24
Comparison Between Floras.....................................................................26
Comparisons with the Tracy collection....................................................28
viii
Taxa Endemic to Northwest California....................................................29
RESULTS.........................................................................................................................32
Floristic Analysis..................................................................................................32
Rare and Uncommon Taxa.......................................................................32
Range Extensions of Regional Endemics.................................................32
Northwest California Endemics................................................................35
Non-native Taxa.......................................................................................35
Quantitative Analyses...........................................................................................40
Phytogeographic Elements in My Flora...................................................40
Comparison among floras.........................................................................41
Comparison with the Tracy collection......................................................49
DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................50
Phytogeographical Origins of the Flora................................................................50
Western North America............................................................................50
California Floristic Province.....................................................................52
Boreal........................................................................................................53
Non-Native Taxa.......................................................................................54
Comparisons with Other Floras............................................................................55
Historical Changes................................................................................................58
LITERATURE CITED.....................................................................................................63
APPENDIX A. Annotated species list of Horse Mountain, Grouse Mountain, Board
Camp Mountain and surrounding areas.....................................................69
APPENDIX B. Environmental variables used in quantitative analysis……………...…119
APPENDIX C. Similarity matrix.....................................................................................121
ix
APPENDIX D. Species list of taxa found by Tracy that I did not find...........................122
x
Description:FLORISTIC AFFINITIES OF HORSE MOUNTAIN, GROUSE MOUNTAIN, BOARD. CAMP MOUNTAIN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HUMBOLDT
