Floriculture and Ornamental Plants

895 Pages·2022·22.263 MB·English

by  S. K. Datta, Youdh Chand Gupta

Handbooks of Crop Diversity:
Conservation and Use
of Plant Genetic Resources
Series Editor: Anurudh Kumar Singh
S. K. Datta
Youdh Chand Gupta Editors
Floriculture
and Ornamental
Plants
Handbooks of Crop Diversity:
Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic
Resources
SeriesEditor
AnurudhKumarSingh,DepartmentofGenetics,M.D.University,
Scholar-in-Residence,Rohtak,Haryana,India
Agrobiodiversity refers to the variation found among plants, animals, fish, insects,
microbes, avianetc., species useddirectlyorindirectly forfoodandagriculture.In
caseofcropandcultivatedplantspecies,itmainlyreferstothegeneticdiversityof
plantgeneticresources(PGR),foundintheformoflandracesandvarietiesofcrops
species used for food, fodder, fibre, fuel, pharmaceuticals, etc., and breeds of
livestock. As per the FAO definition, it may also include the diversity of non-
harvested species that support production system (soil micro-organisms, predators,
pollinators) of these species and those in the wider environment support that
agroecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic) of their cultivation/pro-
duction. However, the controlled genetic improvement of the cultivated species to
facilitate continued breeding of cultigens with greater resilience to stresses and
productivity is mainly dependent on overall genetic variation found in individuals
belongingtothecultivatedspeciesand/ortheancestralspeciesrelatedtocultivated
species. As these are the plant sources from where transfer of gene (genetic intro-
gression) is possible through controlled breeding process of genetic improvement,
incorporatingdesirablefeatures,theaccessibilitytotheinformationabouttheseplant
genetic resources is key to the success of the breeding efforts. Therefore, compre-
hensiveinformationisrequiredabouttheseresourcestofacilitatetheirconservation
andlong-termsustainableuseinresearchandcropimprovement.Thepresenteffort
of bringing out a series of volumes dealing with different crop groups containing
comprehensivefilteredinformationregardingthesegeneticresourcesandtheavail-
abilityofgeneticdiversityineachcropspeciesofthegroupisaimedatfacilitating
theirpriorityconservationingenebanks,andresearchanduseincropimprovement.
Plantgeneticresourcesarebasicbuildingblocksinthecropimprovementandthe
quality of information and access to PGR is key to scientific efforts of genetic
engineering of crops species, developing better cultigens, mitigating various chal-
lengesposedbyincreasingpopulationandclimaticchange.Theproposedseriesof
volumes compiles information regarding the available genetic diversity among
variouscultivatedspeciesbelongingtodiversecropgroupsandwithinacropspecies
of food and agriculture, from all possible perspectives of conservation and use (in
geneticimprovement ofcultivated species). It wouldbe able to enlist most genetic
resourcesavailableglobally,offeringopportunitiestobeusedingeneticengineering
of crop species, and that would facilitate more predictive and productive genetic
engineering programmes to breed new cultivars. The content of these volumes on
agro-biodiversitywouldbeveryusefulfortechnology-poordevelopingcountriesas
this is not going to cover only major food crops but the whole range of crop/
economic.
(cid:129)
S. K. Datta Youdh Chand Gupta
Editors
Floriculture and
Ornamental Plants
With199Figuresand72Tables
Editors
S.K.Datta YoudhChandGupta
FloricultureDivision DepartmentofFloricultureandLandscape
CSIR-NationalBotanicalResearch Architecture
Institute Y.S.ParmerUniversityofHorticultureand
Lucknow,India Forestry
Solan,HP,India
BoseInstitute
Kolkata,India
DepartmentofPlantScience
andBiotechnology
AssamUniversity
Silchar,Assam,India
ISBN978-981-15-3517-8 ISBN978-981-15-3518-5(eBook)
ISBN978-981-15-3519-2(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3518-5
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Foreword
Crop diversity, the source of genetic variation, provides the building block for
genetic enhancement/improvement of crop species to overcome productivity con-
straintsandincreaseproductivityperseofeconomiccomponents.
Availability of useful genetic variation commonly referred to as plant genetic
resources(PGR)iskeytogeneticimprovementcrops.Managementofthesegenetic
resources therefore becomes very important for research and assessment of their
potentialvalue,whichfacilitatetheireffectiveuseincropimprovementforsustain-
ableagriculturedevelopmentofanyspecificnationandtheworldatlarge.Therefore,
the review progress in relation PGR management activities, such as collection,
characterization, evaluation, conservation, and documentation of generated infor-
mationandmechanismevolvedforsustainablehandlingoftheseresourcesfortheir
effective use in cultivar development to achieve food and nutritional security at
national and global level at regular intervals, becomes very essential to keep pace
with the development in this regard. Such efforts also help to develop awareness
regardingthepotentialvalueofcropdiversityandidentificationofgaps.
Thus, more than the availability of these resources, generation of information
about the potential value of these genetic resources through systematic scientific
research,involvingtheircharacterization andevaluationusingappropriatetechnol-
ogies, is more important. Access to this generated information is a must for
researchers and plant breeders globally to facilitate their effective use in crop
improvement,thatis,toraisetheproductivityoftargetcropspecies.
SincethetimeofVavilov(1935),realizingtheimportancecropdiversityingenetic
improvement of crop species, a significant progress has been made since the early
twentieth century towards collection, characterization, evaluation, conservation, and
information documentation regarding PGR at the national and international level in
searchofnewgene(s)/sourcesandtheiruseincropimprovement.Theseeffortsgota
furtherboostwiththeestablishmentoftheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgri-
cultural Research (CGIAR) and International Board of Plant Genetic Resources
(IBPGR) in 1974 under its auspices. The establishment commodity International
AgriculturalResearchCenters(IARCs),withaPlantGeneticResourcesUnit,which
functioned as centralized repositories, led to effective conservation of PGR. These
initiatives/efforts resultedinassemblyofa largenumberofcollections/accessionsin
mostmandatedcrops,particularlyfoodandforagecropsthroughtheparticipationof
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vi Foreword
the international community in collection missions and donation of national collec-
tions.However, the enforcement ofCBD (1993), which madethenations sovereign
ownersofPGRfoundwithintheirpoliticalboundariesrestrictedaccesstoPGR,which
arenowgovernedeitherbythebilateralsystemsbetweenthenationsortheprovisions
of multilateral systems, such as International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for
FoodandAgriculture(ITPGRFA,2001)andNagoyaProtocol(2011).
Duringthisperiod,supportingsystems,includingdatabaseswithinformationon
globalPGRforfoodandagriculture,werealsodevelopedforinformationdissemi-
nationaboutPGRtopromoteuseincropimprovement.Forexample,system-wide
information network on genetic resources (SINGER) was developed about the
conserved at the IARCs and the Global Information System, based on a central
registryofcooperators(contractingparties)developedunderauspicesofITPGRFA.
However,thesearemechanicalsystemswithoutmuchspecificanalysisortailor-made
filteredinformationonPGRtosupportgreateruse.Consequently,theestimateduse
ofPGRincropimprovementandresearchatthenationalandgloballevelhasalmost
remainedstatic.Accesstothisinformationhasbeenamajorstumblingblockinthe
underdevelopedanddevelopingworld,limitingtheiruseingeneticimprovementof
cropspecies,particularly incase ofcropsofmarginalimportanceorunder-utilized
cropsthatarethestaplefoodoreconomicbackbone ofmanyoftheseregions,and
adverselyaffectingfoodandnutritionalsecurityandeconomyofthesenations.
For these reasons, it was felt there is a need to bring out a comprehensive
publicationwithadditionalaccessoryandsupplementaryinformationwithanalyses
and specifically filtered information about genetic resources of breeding value that
can help promote greater research, accelerate the search for new gene(s)/allele(s),
revealingtheopportunitiesavailableforexploitationofPGRingeneticengineering
of new cultivars to meet upcoming challenges of crop improvement and diversifi-
cation. Further, such analyses will help identify gaps in relation to geographical
regionsandgeneticdiversity,forfuturesearchofgenes/collections.
The series Handbook of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic
Resourcesisanattemptinthisdirectiontofillexistinggapsinaccesstoinformation/
disseminationforunderdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,whichdonothaveaccess
orexpertisetohandlerecentdevelopment/revolutionininformationtechnologiesand
Internetfacilitiescarryingvastinformation.Thevolumeonfloricultureandornamental
crops, which are relatively neglected crops, because of being considered accessory
crops for industry, trade, and economy, becomes a very important milestone in this
regard.Theeffortmaypresentnewopportunitiestoresearchersandbreederstodevelop
improvedcultivars.Whereasimprovedanddiversecultivar(keyattraction)andyield
can contribute greatly to providing additional income to farmers, thereby helping in
povertyalleviationandimprovingnationaleconomy.Icongratulatethevolumeeditors
and chapter authors for their effort and hope it will serve as a compendium of
informationforconcernedresearchers,breeders,teachers,andstudents.
SeriesEditor
Preface
Floriculture is a fast-emerging and highly competitive industry. It is one of the
important high-value agricultural industries in many countries of the world. Com-
mercialfloriculturehasbecomeaverypopularandimportantsectorwhichprovides
livelihoodsecuritytosmallandmarginalfarmersbesidesprovidingampleopportu-
nities for domestic and export markets. Floriculture business covers all aspects
related to germplasm collection/exploitation and enhancement, cut flowers and
foliage, dry flowers and plant parts, potted flowering and foliage plant, flower
seeds,bulbs,tubers,corms,tissuecultureplants,essentialoils,andflowerperfumes.
Thebookcompriseschaptershavinganauthoritativereviewonvariouscomponents
plant genetic resources activities of most important floriculture/ornamental crop
speciesofnational,regional,andglobalvalue.Thechaptersaccountformostaspects
of current interest and progress in the field of floriculture. The volume contains
chaptersonrespectiveimportantfloriculturecrops,writtenbyspecialistsandsubject
experts in the floriculture discipline. The chapters also attempt to provide an
illustrated account of the milestone achieved, gaps, and the future direction in
which the management of PGR should move for more sustainable conservation
andusetoengineernewcultigenstoachievethenationaltargetofproductivityinan
overallenvironmentfriendlymannerthatwouldcontributetolivelihoodsupportand
povertyalleviationofruralpoor,besidesthenationalincome.Theeditorsacknowl-
edge the contributions of the respective authors, who have tried to bring out the
informationinauniformstructureforafocusedpresentation.
The book covers all important ornamental crops under various chapters as per
their economic importance and available information. Chapters provide in-depth
information under the headings – introduction, botany and distribution, origin/
domestication, and spread of various genetic resources belonging to various gene
pools, including wild relatives, status of their collections, characterization, evalua-
tion,andconservation.Also,theyrefertomajorconstraintsincropproduction.List
of genetic resources with genes conferring resistance to various biotic and abiotic
stressesanddesiredcommercialtraits,andextentoftheiruseinbreedingprograms
fordevelopmentofnewgeneticstockswithdesiredtraits,andcultigens,etc.
It is hoped that this handbook will stand by its definition and serve as a handy
reference book with filtered information that would be useful to genetic resources
managers,researchers,policymakers,teachers,andresearchscholars.Theinformation,
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viii Preface
particularlyonavailabilityofPGRglobally,alongwithspecificsource,wherefromthey
canbeprocuredforuseinbreedingprograms,particularlytoovercomevariouscrop
productionconstraintsandtoimproveproductivityandquality,shouldbeofgreathelp
indevelopingresilientanddiversecultivarsofornamentalplantspecies.Thebookwill
functionnotonlyasreferencebookoncollection,characterization,evaluation,conser-
vation, and use of plant genetic resources in present and future breeding programs,
concentratingonincreasedresilienceagainstvariousstressesandproductivity,butalso
forvalueadditionanddiversificationoftheconcernedcropspeciesanddomestication
or direct use of potential wild and weedy relatives. To make the effort dynamic,
Springer is going to have provisions for regular updates of the chapters with new
informationbytheconcernedauthor(s)toensureitspresentandfutureuseformany
yearstocome.
Editors
Contents
1 Marigold ............................................. 1
YoudhChandGupta,SapnaPanwar,NamitaBanyal,
NeelamThakur,andM.R.Dhiman
2 Carnation ............................................ 25
SapnaPanwar,YoudhChandGupta,PoonamKumari,Neelam
Thakur,andUzmaMehraj
3 Gladiolus ............................................. 47
M.R.Dhiman,NeelamThakur,YoudhChandGupta,andNeha
Sharma
4 Lilium:Conservation,Characterization,andEvaluation ........ 81
M.R.Dhiman,PujaSharma,andBhavyaBhargava
5 Alstroemeria:Conservation,Characterization,andEvaluation ... 117
M.R.DhimanandBharatiKashyap
6 Rose ................................................. 153
S.K.Datta
7 Agro-Biodiversity:ConservationandUseofPlantGenetic
Resources ............................................. 181
PujaSharma,BhavyaBhargava,PanchalSangmesh,andUjala
8 ValueAddition:DehydrationofFlowersandFoliageand
FloralCraft ........................................... 219
SuhritaChakrabartyDasandS.K.Datta
9 TraditionalBulbousPlants ............................... 263
S.L.Chawla,KalkameCh.Momin,R.D.Pawar,KiranKumari,and
SudhaPatil
10 Tuberose(PolyanthestuberosaLinn./Agaveamica) ............ 307
R.Sadhukhan,T.K.Chowdhuri,andS.K.Datta
ix