Flora of Australia, Volume 48, Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups

787 Pages·2017·40.75 MB·English

FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
Volume 48
Ferns, Gymnosperms
and Allied Groups
This volume was published before the Commonwealth Government
moved to Creative Commons Licensing.
© Commonwealth of Australia 1998.
This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only
(retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any
use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced or distributed by any process or
stored in any retrieval system or data base without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Requests
and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: [email protected]
FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
Volume 48 of the Flora of Australia
contains those plants colloquially known as
the ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms.
For the first time in 120 years a book is
available which treats all of the Australian
species in these groups in a uniform,
authoritative and comprehensive fashion,
and provides identification keys and
copious illustrations to make their study
and appreciation accessible and enjoyable
to all.
The volume describes a total of six
Divisions, 42 families, 134 genera and 582
species, and represents contributions from
20 authors, 17 illustrators and seven
photographers.
The fern allies are represented by 44
native species of psilophytes and
lycophytes.
True ferns are found almost throughout
the country, but are most numerous in
wetter, tropical and subtropica areas.
Australia has a native flora of 30 families,
103 genera and 390 species of ferns, with
another 10 species being naturalised. Only
about 40% of the Austr alian species are
endemic.
Native pines are distributed through three
families, 15 genera and 43 species, of
which 39 species are endemic. Most are
species of wetter mountainous areas, with
the exception of Callitris (17 endemic
species), found mainly in drier open
woodlands.
Australian cycads number 69 species, all
endemic, in four genera and three families.
They are confined mainly to the forests of
eastern and northern Australia, with a few
in south-western Western Australia and
central Australia.
Cover: Young frond (crozier) of Cyathea
cooperi (Hook. ex F.Muell.) Domin.
Painting by Gilbert Dashorst.
Contents of volumes in the Flora of Australia, the families (current at May 1998)
arranged according to the system of A.Cronquist (1981).
Volume 1 Urticales Volume 7 Volume 10 Haloragales
Ulmaceae Haloragaceae
Introduction Cannabaceae Malvales Ebenales Gunneraceae
Moraceae Elaeocarpaceae Sapotaceae
Urticaceae Tiliaceae Ebenaceae Myrtales
Sonneratiaceae
Sterculiaceae Symplocaceae
Volume 2 Fagales Lythraceae
Bombacaceae
Balanopaceae Malvaceae Primulales Thymelaeaceae
Magnoliales Betulaceae Myrsinaceae Onagraceae
Winteraceae Fagaceae Primulaceae Melastomataceae
Himantandraceae Combretaceae
Eupomatiaceae Casuarinales Volume 8 Rosales
Austrobaileyaceae Casuarinaceae Connaraceae
Magnoliaceae Lecythidales Eucryphiaceae Volumes 19–21
Annonaceae Lecythidaceae Cunoniaceae
Myristicaceae Volume 4 Davidsoniaceae
Nepenthales Pittosporaceae Myrtaceae
Laurales Nepenthaceae Byblidaceae
Trimeniaceae Caryophyllales Droseraceae Grossulariaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Monimiaceae Alseuosmiaceae Volume 22
Idiospermaceae Nyctaginaceae Violales Crassulaceae
Lauraceae Aizoaceae Flacourtiaceae Cephalotaceae Rhizophorales
Hernandiaceae Cactaceae Bixaceae Saxifragaceae Rhizophoraceae
Chenopodiaceae Cistaceae Rosaceae
Piperales Violaceae Chrysobalanaceae Cornales
Piperaceae Tamaricaceae Surianaceae Alangiaceae
Frankeniaceae
Volume 5
Aristolochiales Passifloraceae Santalales
Aristolochiaceae Amaranthaceae Cucurbitaceae Olacaceae
Portulacaceae Datiscaceae Volumes 11, 12 Opiliaceae
Nymphaeales Basellaceae Santalaceae
Nelumbonaceae Molluginaceae Salicales Fabales Loranthaceae
Nymphaeaceae Caryophyllaceae Salicaceae Mimosaceae Viscaceae
Cabombaceae Caesalpiniaceae
Balanophoraceae
Ceratophyllaceae Polygonales Capparales
Polygonaceae Capparaceae Rafflesiales
Ranunculales Brassicaceae
Volumes 13–15 Rafflesiaceae
Ranunculaceae Plumbaginales Moringaceae
Berberidaceae Plumbaginaceae Resedaceae Celastrales
Fabaceae
Menispermaceae Celastraceae
Batales
Hippocrateaceae
Papaverales Gyrostemonaceae
Stackhousiaceae
Papaveraceae Volume 6 Bataceae Volumes 16, 17 Aquifoliaceae
Fumariaceae
Icacinaceae
Dilleniales
Proteales Cardiopteridaceae
Dilleniaceae
Volume 9 Elaeagnaceae Corynocarpaceae
Volume 3 Theales Proteaceae Dichapetalaceae
Ochnaceae Ericales
Hamamelidales Theaceae Epacridaceae
Hamamelidaceae Actinidiaceae Ericaceae Volume 18 Volume 23
Elatinaceae
Clusiaceae Podostemales Euphorbiales
Podostemaceae Euphorbiaceae
Volume 24 Apocynaceae Volume 34 Arecales Costaceae
Asclepiadaceae Arecaceae Cannaceae
Rhamnales Campanulales
Pandanales Liliales
Rhamnaceae Sphenocleaceae
Pandanaceae Philydraceae
Leeaceae Volume 29 Campanulaceae
Pontederiaceae
Vitaceae Stylidiaceae
Arales Haemodoraceae
Donatiaceae
Solanales Araceae Liliaceae
Linales
Solanaceae Lemnaceae
Erythroxylaceae
Linaceae
Volume 35
Volume 46
Polygalales Volume 30 Volume 40
Malpighiaceae Brunoniaceae Iridaceae
Tremandraceae Convolvulaceae Goodeniaceae Commelinales Aloeaceae
Polygalaceae Cuscutaceae Xyridaceae Agavaceae
Xanthophyllaceae Menyanthaceae Commelinaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae
Polemoniaceae Volume 36 Hanguanaceae
Hydrophyllaceae Eriocaulales Taccaceae
Volume 25 Rubiales Eriocaulaceae Stemonaceae
Lamiales Smilacaceae
Rubiaceae
Boraginaceae Restionales Dioscoreaceae
Sapindales
Verbenaceae Dipsacales Flagellariaceae
Melianthaceae
Caprifoliaceae Restionaceae
Akaniaceae
Sapindaceae Valerianaceae Centrolepidaceae Volume 47
Aceraceae Volume 31 Dipsacaceae
Juncales
Burseraceae Orchidales
Juncaceae
Anacardiaceae Lamiaceae Burmanniaceae
Simaroubaceae Volumes 37, 38 Corsiaceae
Orchidaceae
Volumes 41, 42
Volume 32 Asterales
Volume 26 Asteraceae
Cyperales Volume 48
Callitrichales
Cyperaceae
Meliaceae Callitrichaceae
Ferns, Gymnosperms
Rutaceae Volume 39
Plantaginales & Allied Groups
Zygophyllaceae
Plantaginaceae Alismatales Volumes 43, 44
Limnocharitaceae
Scrophulariales
Volume 27 Buddlejaceae Alismataceae Poaceae Volume 49
Oleaceae
Hydrocharitales Oceanic Islands 1
Geraniales Scrophulariaceae Hydrocharitaceae
Oxalidaceae Orobanchaceae Volume 45
Geraniaceae Globulariaceae Najadales
Volume 50
Tropaeolaceae Aponogetonaceae Hydatellales
Juncaginaceae
Hydatellaceae
Apiales Volume 33 Potamogetonaceae Oceanic Islands 2
Araliaceae Ruppiaceae Typhales
Apiaceae Myoporaceae Najadaceae Sparganiaceae
Gesneriaceae Zannichelliaceae Typhaceae Volumes 51–53
Posidoniaceae
Acanthaceae
Volume 28 Pedaliaceae Cymodoceaceae Bromeliales Bryophyta
Zosteraceae Bromeliaceae
Bignoniaceae
Gentianales Lentibulariaceae Triuridales Zingiberales
Loganiaceae Triuridaceae Musaceae Volumes 54–59
Gentianaceae Zingiberaceae
Lichens

FLORA OF AUSTRALIA
Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F.Muell.) Domin. Painting by Gilbert Dashorst.
AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY, CANBERRA
FLORA OF
AUSTRALIA
Volume 48
Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups
© Commonwealth of Australia 1998
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be
reproduced or distributed by any process or stored in any retrieval system or data base without prior
written permission from the copyright holder. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and
rights should be addressed to the Director, Flora Section, Australian Biological Resources Study, GPO
Box 636, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Anthony E. Orchard
VOLUME EDITOR
Patrick M. McCarthy
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE
Barbara Barnsley Ross Rowe
Katy Mallett Helen Thompson
Jane Mowatt Annette Wilson
This work may be cited as: This book is available from:
Flora of Australia Volume 48, Ferns, CSIRO PUBLISHING
Gymnosperms and Allied Groups. Melbourne : PO Box 1139 (150 Oxford Street)
ABRS/CSIRO Australia (1998). Collingwood VIC 3066
Australia
Individual contributions may be cited as:
Tel: [phone] Int: +(61 3) 9662 7666
R.J.Chinnock, Tmesipteris, Flora of Australia
Fax: [phone] Int: +(61 3) 9662 7555
48: 49–53 (1998).
Email: [email protected]
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Flora of Australia. Volume 48, Ferns, gymnosperms and allied groups.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 0 643 05971 7 (hard cover).
ISBN 0 643 05972 5 (soft cover).
ISBN 0 643 05702 1 (hard cover set).
ISBN 0 643 05695 5 (soft cover set).
1. Botany – Australia – Classification. 2. Plants – Identification. I. Australian
Biological Resources Study. II. CSIRO. III. Title: Ferns, gymnosperms and allied
groups.
Published by ABRS/CSIRO Australia
Printed in Australia by Brown Prior Anderson
CONTENTS
Contributors to Volume 48 vii
Illustrators viii
Photographers ix
Flora Editorial Committee x
Introduction xi
Ferns and Fern Allies 1
Introduction to the Ferns and Fern Allies Mary D.Tindale 1
Classification and Phylogeny Andrew Drinnan 19
The Fossil Record of Ferns and Fern Allies in Australia
Robert S.Hill & Gregory J.Jordan 29
Key to the Families of Ferns and Fern Allies in Australia
P.M.McCarthy 37
Psilotophyta 47
Psilotaceae R.J.Chinnock 47
Lycopodiophyta 55
Isoetaceae R.J.Chinnock 55
Lycopodiaceae R.J.Chinnock 66
Selaginellaceae A.C.Jermy & J.S.Holmes 85
Equisetophyta 97
Equisetaceae R.J.Chinnock 97
Polypodiophyta 99
Ophioglossaceae R.J.Chinnock 99
Marattiaceae Josephine M.Camus 109
Osmundaceae R.J.Chinnock 112
Hymenophyllaceae Peter D.Bostock & Tracey M.Spokes 116
Gleicheniaceae R.J.Chinnock & G.H.Bell 148
Platyzomataceae R.J.Chinnock 162
Dipteridaceae Peter D.Bostock 164
Marsileaceae D.L.Jones 166
Salviniaceae P.M.McCarthy 173
Azollaceae R.J.Chinnock 174
Schizaeaceae R.J.Chinnock 177
Lygodiaceae R.J.Chinnock 183
Dicksoniaceae D.L.Jones 187
Culcitaceae D.L.Jones 191
Cyatheaceae Peter D.Bostock 193
Dennstaedtiaceae P.J.Brownsey 214
v