Flight Training Manual 4th Edition (Revised)

218 Pages·2004·46.935 MB·English

by  Transport Canada

CJ.)
C
ight Training Manual
-~
edition
Printed and bound inCanada
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o
Her Majesty the Queen in Right ofCanada.,represented by the MinisterofTransport 2004.
All rights reserved.No partofthis publication maybe reproduced,stored in aretrieval system,
ortransmitted.in anyform orby any means,electronic,mechanical. photocopying, recording,
orotherwise,withoutpriorwritten permissionofthe DepartmentofTransport,Canada.
Theinformation in this publication isto be considered solely asa guide and should not be quoted
as orconsidered to be a legalauthority.Itmaybecome obsolete in wholeorin part atany time
without notice.
CanadianCataloguingInPublication Data
Mainentry under title:
Flight training manual
4thed.(revised)
ISBN0-660-19351-5
I.Airplanes- Piloting. 1.Canada. TransportCanada.
TL712.F55 1992 629.132'52 C91-095123-3
TFlI02E
(0812004)
TC-lOOlOO6
Catalogue No.T52·14nOO4E
5GG0302
Contents
Preface v
PARTONE 11 SlowFlight 73
12 Stalls 75
The Aircraft and OperationalConsiderations 1
13 Spinning 81
1 BasicPrinciplesofFlight 3
14 Spiral 85
2 Weightand Balance 16
15 Slipping 86
3 Engine Handling 19
16 Take-off 88
4 AircraftDocumentation 23
17 TheCircuit 99
5 Airport Operations 26
18 ApproachandLanding 104
6 WeatherConsiderations 29
19 FirstSolo 116
20 IllusionsCreatedbyDrift 118
PARTTWO
21 PrecautionaryLanding 121
AirExercises 31 22 ForcedLanding 127
1 Familiarization 33 23 PilotNavigation 132
2 AircraftFamiliarizationand 24 InstrumentFlying 147
PreparationforFlight 34 25 NightFlying 178
3 Ancillary Controls 40 26 Floatplanes 182
4 Taxiing 45 27 Skiplanes 192
5 AttitudesandMovements 48 28 TypeConversion 197
6 Straight-and-LevelFlight 52 29 Emergency Procedures 202
7 Climbing 54 30 RadioCommunication 206
8 Descending 57
9 Turns 60
10 FlightforRangeandEndurance 66 Epilogue 210

Preface
Theaimofthismanualisto provide basic. progressive namies and other subjects related to flight training
study material for student pilots preparing for licens courses.Thus, a working knowledge of the terms and
ing, pilots improving their qualifications, and for the the material in this manual that are relevant to the
guidance offlight instructors.Assuch,itcomplements training being taken will enable the student to gain
the Transport Canada Flight Instructor Guide. maximum benefit from the training.
This manual provides information and direction in The contributions by many Canadian flight instruc
the introduction and performance of flight training tors to the material presented here are gratefully
manoeuvres as well as basic information onaerody- acknowledged.
v

PART ONE
THE AIRCRAFT AND
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER ONE
Basic Principles of Flight
The Third Law of Motion Density and Pressure
One property of airthat is aptto mislead the novice
Heavier-than-air flight can be explained by various studentofflight isdensity. Ask the weightoftheair
scientific laws and theorems. Of these, Newton's in an ordinary room and answers will vary from
ThirdLawofMotionispossiblythefundamentalone. "almost nothing," to "about 10 pounds." Yet the
"Foreveryaction thereisanequalandoppositereac answer isclose to300poundsandinalarge hall may
tion." A propelleracceleratesamassofairbackward, beover aton! Raise that halfa mile above the earth,
andtherebyreceivesanequalforwardforce.Thisfor though,andtheairinitwillweighfarless.Itsdensity
wardforce,calledthrust,pullstheaircraftahead. - its mass per unit volume - has changed. These
Astheaircraft isthrustforwardbythepropelleron changesindensityaremeasuredasairpressure.
take-off.thewingmeetingtheoncomingairbeginsto It is true, of course, that the density of air is low
generate lift (Fig. 1-1). As the forward speed of the comparedwiththatof water, yetitisthispropertyof
aircraftincreases.thisliftforceincreasesproportion airthat makes flightpossible.Air beingthe medium
ately.Whentheliftforceisequaltotheweightofthe in which night occurs, as its properties change the
aircraft,theaircraftbeginstofly. characteristicsofaparticularflightwillchange.
Theaveragepressureatsealevelduetotheweight
ofthe atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch, a
pressurethatcausesthemercuryinabarometertorise
29.92 inches. In a standard situation the pressure
Uft
drops from 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level
to 10.2poundspersquareinchat10,000feet.
wa
Relative
airflow
Temperature Changes (Lapse Rate)
With an increase in height there is adecrease in air
temperature.The reasonisthatthesun's heatpasses
through the atmosphere without appreciably raising
Figure 1·1 LiftIs Generated by AirTravelling
the temperature. The earth, however, absorbs the
Faster above the Aerofoil than below it
heat.The temperatureoftheearthisraisedandtheair
incontactwithitabsorbssomeoftheheat.
The Atmosphere
An aircraft operates in a world that is very near the The Four Forces
earth.yethas vastlydifferent properties.This world
istheatmosphere,composedof air.whichsurrounds
theearth. Wemustknowsomethingaboutthisatmos An aircraft in flight is under the influence of four
pheretounderstandflight. mainforces:lift,weight.thrust,anddrag(Fig. 1·2).
3