flight operations inspector's performance based navigation operational approval handbook

178 Pages·2012·3.04 MB·English

DGCA FOI
PBN OPERATIONAL APPROVAL Revision 0

HANDBOOK
06 Aug 2012

DGCA
FLIGHT OPERATIONS INSPECTOR’S
PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION
OPERATIONAL APPROVAL
HANDBOOK

06 August 2012
DGCA FOI
PBN OPERATIONAL APPROVAL Revision 0

HANDBOOK
06 Aug 2012

Foreword

The purpose of this Handbook is to provide guidance to personnel responsible
for the assessment of applications for operational approval to conduct
Performance Based Navigation Operations. Over the years, a number of
regions have established local RNAV and RNP standards which led to
complexity in international operations and operational approvals. ICAO has
developed the concept of Performance Based Navigation and harmonized the
concepts and requirements which are now contained in the ICAO Doc 9613
Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Manual. The Handbook supplements the
information contained in the PBN Manual related to operational approval of
PBN.

DGCA staff will adhere to the policy and procedures contained in this Handbook
when authorizing PBN operations. Because of the wide scope of operations
involved and the many variables that can be encountered in aircraft equipment,
it is impossible to anticipate all situations, therefore DGCA personnel must
exercise common sense and good judgement in the application of these policies
and procedures.

Arun Mishra
Director General Civil Aviation

6th August 2012
INTRODUCTION
The Handbook is divided into three parts.
Part 1 PBN Technology provides a summary of the enabling area navigation technology in
order to provide operational approval inspectors with the technical background necessary for
an informed and consistent management of PBN operational approvals. Additional study may
be required depending upon the complexity of the operation and other factors, and reference
is made in Part 3 to suitable sources of information.
Typically the operational approval process for established navigation technologies is well
known and understood by inspectors and there is general consistency amongst regulators
world wide in the issue of operational approvals. As Performance Based Navigation is a
relatively recent development, regulatory authorities, inspectors and applicants require some
time and experience to develop a thorough understanding of PBN operations, the associated
technology and the approval process. In addition, some work remains to be done in the
development of regulatory and guidance material and it is necessary that inspectors have a
good knowledge of PBN principles, the associated technology and operating practices in
order to accommodate any perceived limitations in the available documentation.
Part 2 PBN Operations discusses the approval of operations for each of the Navigation
Specifications included in the PBN Manual. Where appropriate additional guidance material
is provided to explain the context or intent of the navigation specification.
Part 3 Job Aids provide operators, and inspectors with guidance on the process to be
followed in order to obtain a PBN operational approval.
It is intended that this Handbook is supplemented by a formal course of training for
inspectors.
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1
DEFINITIONS 6
ACRONYMS 9
PART 1 PBN TECHNOLOGY 12
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 12
1.1 Introduction. 12
1.2 Transition from Conventional Navigation to PBN 12
1.3 Performance Based Navigation 13
1.4 RNAV vs. RNP 13
Chapter 2 AREA NAVIGATION 15
2.1 Area Navigation Principles 15
2.2 Geodetic Reference 15
2.3 Path Terminators 15

2.4 Radius to Fix segments 18
2.5 Area Navigation Systems 19
2.6 Data Management 21
Chapter 3 NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE 23
3.1 General 23
3.2 Performance Evaluation 23
3.3 Performance Components 24
3.4 Required Navigation Performance 26
3.5 Performance Limitations 28
3.6 Flight Technical Error Management 29
3.7 Lateral Deviation Monitoring 31
3.8 Vertical Deviation Monitoring 32
3.9 Evaluation of Deviation Displays 32
Chapter 4 GNSS 34
4.1 General 34
4.2 Monitoring and alerting 34
4.3 GNSS Accuracy 35
4.4 Integrity Monitoring 35
4 5 F lt D t ti 35
4.8 Loss of Integrity Monitoring Function 38
4.9 Availability Prediction 38
4.10 Augmentation systems 39
Chapter 5 ROUTE DESIGN 40
5.1 Protected Area 40
5.2 RNP AR APCH 40
5.3 RNP APCH 40
5.4 En-route and Terminal 41
Chapter 6 BAROMETRIC VERTICAL NAVIGATION 42
6.1 General 42
6.2 Baro-VNAV Principles 42
6.3 Limitations of the Baro VNAV System 44
6.4 Aircraft Capability 45
6.5 Flight Procedure Design 46
6.6 Baro VNAV Operations 48
Chapter 7 AIRCRAFT QUALIFICATION 50
7.1 Eligibility 50
7.2 Aircraft Evaluation 50
7.3 Functionality 51
Chapter 8 FLIGHT CREW TRAINING 53
8.1 General 53
8.2 Knowledge requirements 53
8.3 Flight Training requirements 54
PART 2 PBN OPERATIONAL APPROVALS 56
Chapter 1 Overview 56
1.1 General 56
1.2 Responsibility for Operational Approval Evaluation 56
1.3 Issue of Approval 56
1.4 Job Aids 59
1.5 Using the Job Aids 59
Chapter 2 RNAV 10 61
2.1 General 61
2.2 ATS communications and surveillance 61
Chapter 3 RNAV 5 64
3.1 General 64
3.2 Summary 64
3.3 INS or IRS 64
3.4 GNSS 64
3.5 Operating procedures 64
3.6 Pilot Knowledge and Training 65
3.7 Operational Approval 65
Chapter 4 RNAV 1 and 2 66
4.1 General 66
4.2 Operational Approval 66
4.3 Summary 66
4.4 GNSS 67
4.5 Functionality 67
4.6 Operating procedures 68
4.7 Pilot Knowledge and Training 68
Chapter 5 RNP 4 69
5.1 General 69
5.2 Operational Approval 69
5.3 ATS communications and surveillance 69
5.4 Summary 69
5.5 GNSS 69
5.6 Functionality 70
5.7 Operating Procedures 70
5.8 Pilot Knowledge and Training 71
Chapter 6 RNP 2 Reserved 72
Chapter 7 Basic RNP 1 73
7.1 General 73
7.2 Operational Approval 73
7.3 Summary 73
7.4 Stand-alone GNSS systems 73
7.5 RNP Systems 74
7.6 Integrity availability 74
7.10 Pilot Knowledge and Training 75
Chapter 8 Advanced RNP Reserved 77
Chapter 9 RNP APCH 78
9.1 General 78
9.2 Characteristics 78
9.3 Flight procedure design 78
9.4 Operational approval 81
9.5 Navigation systems 81
9.6 Stand-alone systems 82
9.7 Flight Management Systems 83
9.8 Using VNAV advisory information 85
9.9 VNAV approach guidance 86
9.10 Altimeter setting procedures 87
9.11 Vertical Navigation Systems 87
9.12 GNSS Availability Prediction. 88
9.13 Radio updating. 89
9.14 Operating Procedures 89
9.15 Procedure selection and review 89
9.16 Use of autopilot and flight director 90
9.17 GNSS updating 90
9.18 Flight crew knowledge and training 90
9.19 Navigation Database 91
Chapter 10 RNP AR APCH 92
10.1 General 92
10.2 Authorisation Required 92
10.3 Characteristics 92
10.4 Procedure Design 93
10.5 Operational Approval 94
10.6 Evaluation Team 94
10.7 Operator’s Application 95
10.8 Aircraft Eligibility 95
10.9 Flight Technical Error 96
10.10 Demonstration of Path Steering Performance 98
10.14 RNP Availability Prediction. 99
10.15 Radio updating. 100
10.16 Procedure selection and review 100
10.17 Required list of equipment. 101
10.18 Use of autopilot and flight director 101
10.19 RNP selection. 102
10.20 GNSS updating 102
10.21 Track deviation monitoring. 102
10.22 Vertical Navigation 103
10.23 Vertical deviation monitoring. 105
10.24 Maximum airspeeds 105
10.25 Limiting temperature 106
10.26 Altimeter setting procedures 106
10.27 TOGA Navigation Functionality 106
10.28 Navigation Database 106
10.29 Flight crew training 107
10.30 Flight Operational Safety Assessment (FOSA) 108
PART 3 JOB AIDS Error! Bookmark not defined.
DEFINITIONS
Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS) - A system which augments and/or
integrates the information obtained from the other GNSS elements with information
available on board the aircraft. The most common form of ABAS is the receiver
autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM).
Area navigation (RNAV) - A navigation method that allows aircraft to operate on any
desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids, or
within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of both methods.
Flight technical error (FTE) - The FTE is the accuracy with which an aircraft is
controlled as measured by the indicated aircraft position with respect to the indicated
command or desired position. It does not include blunder errors.
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) - A generic term used by the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to define any global position, speed, and time
determination system that includes one or more main satellite constellations, such as
GPS and the global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), aircraft receivers and
several integrity monitoring systems, including aircraft-based augmentation systems
(ABAS), satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), such as the wide area
measurements to determine the position, speed, and time in any part of the world. The
GPS is made up by three elements: the spatial, the control, and the user elements. The
GPS spatial segment nominally consists of, at least, 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes. The
control element consists of 5 monitoring stations, 3 ground antennas, and one main
control station. The user element consists of antennas and receivers that provide the
user with position, speed, and precise time.
Navigation specifications - Set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to
support performance-based navigation operations in a defined airspace. There are two
kinds of navigation specifications:
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Specification - Area navigation specification
that includes the performance control and alerting requirement, designated by the prefix
RNP; e.g., RNP 4, RNP APCH, RNP AR APCH.
Area Navigation (RNAV) Specification - Area navigation specification that does not
include the performance control and alerting requirement, designated by the prefix
RNAV; e.g., RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1.
Navigation system error (NSE) - The difference between the true position and the
estimated position.
Path definition error (PDE) - The difference between the defined path and the desired
path at a given place and time.
Performance-based navigation (PBN) - Performance-based area navigation
requirements applicable to aircraft conducting operations on an ATS route, on an
instrument approach procedure, or in a designated airspace.
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) - A technique used in a GPS
receiver/processor to determine the integrity of its navigation signals, using only GPS
signals or GPS signals enhanced with barometric altitude data. This determination is
achieved by a consistency check between redundant pseudo-range measurements. At
least one additional available satellite is required with respect to the number of satellites
that are needed for the navigation solution.
RNP operations - Aircraft operations that use an RNP system for RNP applications.
RNP system - An area navigation system that supports on-board performance control
and alerting.
Standard instrument arrival (STAR) - A designated instrument flight rules (IFR) arrival
route linking a significant point, normally on an air traffic service (ATS) route, with a point
from which a published instrument approach procedure can be commenced.
Standard instrument departure (SID) - A designated instrument flight rule (IFR)
departure route linking the aerodrome or a specified runway of the aerodrome with a
specified significant point, normally on a designated ATS route, at which the en-route
phase of a flight commences.
Total system error (TSE) - The difference between the true position and the desired
position. This error is equal to the sum of the vectors of the path definition error (PDE),
the flight technical error (FTE), and the navigation system error (NSE).
Note. - FTE is also known as path steering error (PSE), and the NSE as position estimation error (PEE).
Fly-by way-point - A way-point which requires turn anticipation to allow tangential
interception of the next segment of a route or procedure.
Fly over way-point - A way-point at which a turn is initiated in order to join the next
segment of a route or procedure.