Flexible Word Classes: Typological studies of underspecified parts of speech

360 Pages·2013·2.05 MB·English

by  Jan Rijkhoff

Flexible Word Classes
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Flexible Word Classes
fi
Typological Studies of Underspeci ed
Parts of Speech
Edited by
JAN RIJKHOFF AND EVA VAN LIER
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,ox26dp,
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#editorialmatterandorganizationJanRijkhoffandEvavanLier2013
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Contents
Notesoncontributors x
Listofabbreviationsandsymbols xiii
1 Flexiblewordclassesinlinguistictypologyandgrammaticaltheory 1
EvavanLierandJanRijkhoff
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Categorization:approachesandproblems 2
1.2.1 Tocognizeistocategorize 2
1.2.2 Categorizationofflexiblewords 4
1.3 Lexicalflexibilityintheoryanddescription 6
1.3.1 Abriefhistoryoflexicalflexibilityinthefunctional-typological
framework 6
1.3.2 Establishingflexibility 13
1.3.3 Summary 20
1.4 Flexibilitybeyondthelexicon 20
1.4.1 Flexibilityandlevelsofgrammaticalanalysis 20
1.4.2 Zero-marked(re-)categorization:approachestoconversion 21
1.4.3 Flexibilityandfunctionaltransparency 23
1.4.4 Summary 26
1.5 Thisvolume 26
2 Parts-of-speechsystemsasabasictypologicaldeterminant 31
KeesHengeveld
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Flexibility,rigidity,andtheparts-of-speechhierarchy 32
2.3 Foursetsofpredictions 37
2.4 Identifiability 38
2.4.1 Introduction 38
2.4.2 Clause 38
2.4.3 Phrase 40
2.4.4 Summaryofcorrelations 41
2.5 Integrity 41
2.6 Unity 43
2.6.1 Introduction 43
2.6.2 Morphologicalsubclasses 43
2.6.3 Semanticsubclasses 44
2.6.4 Correlations 45
vi Contents
2.7 Pervasiveness 46
2.7.1 Introduction 46
2.7.2 Levelsofanalysis 46
2.7.3 Furtherfunctions 49
2.7.4 Correlations 49
2.8 Conclusions 50
2.9 Appendix:Samplesusedinthestudiesreportedoninthischapter 52
3 Derivationandcategorizationinflexibleanddifferentiatedlanguages 56
JanDonandEvavanLier
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Categorizationandinterpretation 57
3.3 Kharia 61
3.3.1 FlexiblesimplerootsinKharia 61
3.3.2 FlexiblederivedrootsinKharia 63
3.3.3 Flexiblemultiple-rootphrasesinKharia 65
3.3.4 Flexible‘nominalizations’inKharia 66
3.3.5 Summary 69
3.4 Tagalog 69
3.4.1 Lexicalandsyntacticzero-derivationinTagalog 69
3.4.2 Voice-markedformsinTagalog 72
3.4.3 GerundsinTagalog 74
3.4.4 Summary 76
3.5 Samoan 77
3.5.1 Lexicalandsyntactic(zero-)derivationinSamoan 77
3.5.2 OvertlexicalandsyntacticderivationinSamoan 80
3.5.3 Summary 84
3.6 Adifferentiatedlanguage:Dutch 84
3.7 Discussionandconclusions 87
4 RiauIndonesian:alanguagewithoutnounsandverbs 89
DavidGil
4.1 TheEnglishdual 89
4.2 RiauIndonesian 91
4.3 Nounsandverbs,andwhatitmeansnottohavethem 92
4.4 Seekingdifferentdistributionalprivilegesforthingandactivity
expressions 95
4.4.1 Standingaloneasacompletesentence 95
4.4.2 Occurringincoordinationwitheachother 97
4.4.3 Occurringinconstructionwithexistentials 98
4.4.4 Occurringinconstructionwithtopicmarkers 99
Contents vii
4.4.5 Occurringinconstructionwithadpositions 100
4.4.6 Occurringinconstructionwithdemonstratives 101
4.4.7 Occurringinconstructionwithdistributiveuniversalquantifiers 102
4.4.8 Occurringinconstructionwithtense/aspectmarkers 103
4.4.9 Occurringinconstructionwithyang 105
4.4.10 Occurringinconstructionwithdifferentnegativemarkers 108
4.4.11 Interimsummary 111
4.5 Bidirectionality,compositionalityandexhaustiveness 111
4.5.1 Bidirectionality 112
4.5.2 Compositionality 112
4.5.3 Exhaustiveness 115
4.5.4 Interimsummary 121
4.6 RiauIndonesianintypologicalperspective 122
4.7 Conclusion 130
Acknowledgements 130
5 PartsofspeechinKharia:aformalaccount 131
JohnPeterson
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Kharia:abriefoverview 132
5.2.1 Generalintroduction 132
5.2.2 TAM/Person-andCase-syntagmas 136
5.2.3 ThestructureoftheCase-syntagma 138
5.2.4 Thestructureofthe(finite)TAM/Person-syntagma 142
5.2.5 TAM/Person-andCase-syntagmasinKharia:asummary 144
5.3 Aformalaccount 146
5.3.1 Co-heads 147
5.3.2 ‘Words’revisited:thequestionoflexicalintegrity 148
5.3.3 TheCase-syntagma 151
5.3.4 TheTAM/Person-syntagma 156
5.4 Summaryandoutlook 165
6 Propernames,predicates,andtheparts-of-speechsystemofSantali 169
FelixRau
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Previousaccounts 170
6.2.1 Theflexibilityanalysis 170
6.2.2 TheanalysisofEvansandOsada(2005) 171
6.3 ArgumentsandpredicatesinSantali 171
6.3.1 Mainpredicateposition 172
6.3.2 Argumentposition 174
6.4 Nominalsentences 175
viii Contents
6.5 Predicatepositionandpropernames 179
6.6 Conclusion 184
7 Unidirectionalflexibilityandthenoun–verbdistinctioninLushootseed 185
DavidBeck
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Flexibilityinparts-of-speechsystems 187
7.3 Unidirectionalflexibility:nounandverbinLushootseed 191
7.3.1 Neutralizationinpredicateposition 193
7.3.2 Contrastivebehaviourinargumentposition 199
7.3.3 UnidirectionalflexibilityintheSalishanlexicon 212
7.4 Omnipredicativeandprecategoriallanguages 213
8 LexicalcategoriesinGooniyandi,Kimberley,WesternAustralia 221
WilliamB.McGregor
8.1 Introduction 221
8.1.1 Background 221
8.1.2 Problemswiththereceivedconstrualofpartsofspeech 222
8.1.3 Aimsandorganizationofpaper 224
8.2 Parts-of-speechcategoriesinGooniyandi 224
8.2.1 McGregor’s(1990)characterizationofGooniyandipartsofspeech 224
8.2.2 Revisionandextension:Gooniyandipartsofspeechinan
SGframework 229
8.2.3 Concludingremarks 242
8.3 ThevaguesemanticsoflexemesinGooniyandi 243
8.4 Conclusions 245
9 Jackofalltrades:theSriLankaMalayflexibleadjective 247
SebastianNordhoff
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 SriLankaMalay 248
9.3 Structuralistapproach 249
9.3.1 Verbs 249
9.3.2 Nouns 251
9.3.3 Adjectives 253
9.3.4 Summary 258
9.4 Semanticcorrelatesofthewordclasses 259
9.5 Functionalapproach 260
9.5.1 Theverb 263
9.5.2 Thenoun 263
9.5.3 TheFlexibleAdjective 264
9.5.4 Summary 266
Contents ix
9.6 Diachronyofparts-of-speechsystems 266
9.6.1 Specializationandgeneralization 266
9.6.2 DiachronyoftheSriLankaMalayparts-of-speechsystem 267
9.6.3 Languagecontact 269
9.6.4 Thecognitivefactor:timestability 271
9.6.5 Comparisonwithotherflexiblelanguages 272
9.7 Conclusion 274
10 Wordclasssystemsbetweenflexibilityandrigidity:anintegrative
approach 275
WalterBisang
10.1 Introduction 275
10.2 LateArchaicChinese:anLflexiblelanguagewhoseGparameter
cannotbeaddressed 278
10.2.1 PrecategorialityinLateArchaicChinese 278
10.2.2 Ashortsketchofthehistoryofapproachestopartsofspeech
inLateArchaicChinese 283
10.2.3 LateArchaicChinesebetweentype1(Lflexible/Gflexible)and
type2(L /G ) 286
Flexible Rigid
10.3 TheGparameterandmorphologyinKhmer 288
10.4 Parts-of-speechdistinctionsinLrigid/Grigidlanguages:thecase
ofClassicalNahuatlandTagalog 295
10.4.1 ClassicalNahuatlasanomnipredicativelanguage 295
10.4.2 Tagalog:atype4languagewithanoun-basedpredicative
morphology 299
10.5 Conclusion 302
References 304
Indexofauthors 323
Indexoflanguages 327
Indexofsubjects 330