Table Of ContentSmart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 42
Anindya Nag
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay Editors
Flexible Sensors
for Energy-Harvesting
Applications
Smart Sensors, Measurement and
Instrumentation
Volume 42
SeriesEditor
SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay,SchoolofEngineering,MacquarieUniversity,
Sydney,NSW,Australia
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·
Anindya Nag Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Editors
Flexible Sensors
for Energy-Harvesting
Applications
Editors
AnindyaNag SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
FacultyofElectricalandComputer SchoolofEngineering
Engineering MacquarieUniversity
TechnischeUniversitätDresden Sydney,NSW,Australia
Dresden,Germany
CentreforTactileInternetwith
Human-in-the-Loop(CeTI)
TechnischeUniversitätDresden
Dresden,Germany
ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)
SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation
ISBN 978-3-030-99599-7 ISBN 978-3-030-99600-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99600-0
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Preface
Flexiblesensingprototypeshaveproventobethecornerstoneofthesensingindustry.
Avastspectrumofflexiblesensorshasbeendeveloped,whichvariesinfabrication
techniques and processed materials. Diversified polymers and nanomaterials have
been utilized to form the substrates and electrodes of these flexible sensors. The
nanomaterials considered to form the flexible sensors can be classified into two
forms,includingcarbon-basedallotropesandmetallicnanomaterials.Theelements
belongingtoeachofthesecategorieshavebeenprocessedtoformpureorcomposite
flexibleelectrodes.Asaresultofthevariationinphysical,mechanicalandthermal
characteristics of the flexible sensors, their deployment in the chosen applications
achievesenhancedperformances.Oneoftherecentpivotalusesofflexiblesensors
is harvesting energy. The need to harvest energy has been a state of the art in the
current electronics world. The enormity of the sensing devices used for different
applications demands a constant supply of energy. Although the researchers have
been able to cope up until date, it has become paramount to generate and harvest
energyasareplacementfortheconventionaltechniques.Thebookhighlightssomeof
thesignificanttechnologiesinwhichflexiblesensorshavebeenexploitedtoharvest
energybyconvertingtactile,vibrationalandotherformsofenergy.Thelastdecade
hasseenexponentialgrowthinthedesignanddevelopmentofenergyharvestingflex-
ibledevices.Theseprototypeshaveoperatedwithdifferentmechanisms,including
piezoelectric,triboelectric,pyroelectricandself-poweredsensors.Amongthem,the
first two (piezoelectric and triboelectric) types are the more popular due to their
highsignal-to-noiseratio,simplestructureandreliableoperation.Theself-powered
sensorsgenerallyincludeasingularformoracombinationoftheotherthreetypesof
nanogenerators.Thehighelectricalconductivity,mechanicalflexibilityandthermal
stabilityofthesefourflexiblesensorshaveallowedtheresearcherstodeploythem
inawiderangeofambiancestoharvestenergy.Theverdictonthecapabilityofthe
sensorstoharvestenergyisdoneusingtheshort-circuitvoltage,open-circuitcurrent
andpowerdensity.
Thisworkaimstoshowthefabricationoflow-costsensorsandtheirubiquitous
implementationforenergy-harvestingapplications.Theexamplescitedinthebook
showcasethesensors’potentialtoharvestenergybasedontheirfabricationtechnique,
v
vi Preface
raw materials, and working mechanism. The developed sensors were reliable with
highsensitivity,highdurabilityandrobustness,lowresponsetimeandhigherstability
and repeatability in their responses. This book would help to study the synergy
between the opted nanomaterials and the corresponding energy harvested in the
sensors.Itwouldassistinevaluatingthequalityofdifferenttypesofflexiblesensors
thathavebeendevelopedwithvariousprintingtechniques.
The editors, Anindya Nag and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay are thankful to
theauthorswhosignificantlycontributedtothiswork.Wewouldalsoliketothank
theproductionteamfortheirquickresponseandpublishingthebookontime.We
would also like to extend our gratitude to our families for their immense support,
motivationandencouragementthroughoutthework.
Dresden,Germany AnindyaNag
Sydney,Australia SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
Contents
Introduction ...................................................... 1
AnindyaNagandSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
NeedofFlexibleSensorsintheSensingWorld ........................ 23
AnindyaNagandSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
ImpactofNanotechnologyontheQualityoftheFlexibleSensors ....... 53
AnindyaNag,SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay,andJoyantaKumarRoy
Fabrication and Implementation of Nanomaterials-Assisted
FlexibleSensors ................................................... 77
MarianaArpiniVieira
NecessityandAvailableTechnologiesforEnergyHarvesting ........... 109
AnindyaNagandSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
Flexible Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Sensors for Energy
HarvestingApplications ............................................ 131
NasrinAfsarimanesh,AnindyaNag,andGhobadShafieiSabet
FlexiblePyroelectricSensorsforEnergyHarvestingApplications ...... 153
AnindyaNag, NasrinAfsarimanesh,
andSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
Self-Powered Implantable Energy Harvesters for Medical
Electronics ........................................................ 169
Md.EshratE.Alahi,AnindyaNag,andS.C.Mukhopadhyay
Energy Harvesting in IoT-Enabled Flexible Sensors: Smart
SensingandSecureAccessControl .................................. 185
ShantanuPalandAnindyaNag
vii
viii Contents
ChallengesofExistingFlexibleSensorsforEnergyHarvesting ......... 211
PhamThiQuynhTrangandNguyenThiPhuocVan
ConclusionandFutureOpportunities ............................... 229
AnindyaNagandSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
Introduction
AnindyaNagandSubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
Abstract Theimpactofsensorscanbefeltineverystepofhumanlife.Different
kindsofsensorsarebeingemployedeverydaybyacademicresearchersandindus-
tries for electrochemical and strain sensing applications. This chapter elucidates
thesignificanceofsensorsandthetypeofsensorsdesigned,developedandimple-
mentedtodate.Thecategorizationofsensorshasbeenprimarilydoneintwogroups,
includingmicroelectrochemical-basedsiliconsensorsandflexiblesensors.Thefocus
hasbeengiventowardsflexiblesensors,inwhichtherawmaterialsandfabrication
processes used to form the electrodes and substrates of the prototypes have been
explained.Finally,someofthesignificantapplicationsforflexiblesensorshavebeen
showninthechapter.
1 Introduction
Theadvancementofscienceandtechnologyhasdriventhefieldofmicroelectronics
toupgradeitsexistingconditions.Inearliertimes,whentheconceptofmicroelec-
tronics did not get popularized, very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits were
mainlyusedtodevicetheelectricalandelectronicsystems.Thesecircuitsconsisted
ofbipolarjunctiontransistors(BJTs)[1,2]andfield-effecttransistors(FETs)[3,4]
thatprimarilyoperatedontheflowofcurrentbasedonthedirectionofthevoltage.
Theneedforsensorsgraduallygrewtokeepupwiththeever-growingpaceoflife.
Backinthedayswheneverythingwasoperatedmanually,asinglesensorialjobwas
B
A.Nag( )
FacultyofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TechnischeUniversitätDresden,01062Dresden,
Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
CentreforTactileInternetWithHuman-in-the-Loop(CeTI),TechnischeUniversitätDresden,
01069Dresden,Germany
S.C.Mukhopadhyay
SchoolofEngineering,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney2109,Australia
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1
A.NagandS.C.Mukhopadhyay(eds.),FlexibleSensorsforEnergy-Harvesting
Applications,SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation42,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99600-0_1
