Flexible High Performance Magnetic Field Sensors: On-Scalp Magnetoencephalography and Other Applications

313 Pages·2022·9.653 MB·English

by  Etienne Labyt, Tilmann Sander-Thömmes, Ronald Wakai

Etienne Labyt
Tilmann Sander
Ronald Wakai   Editors
Flexible High
Performance
Magnetic
Field Sensors
On-Scalp Magnetoencephalography
and Other Applications
Flexible High Performance Magnetic Field Sensors
Etienne Labyt • Tilmann Sander (cid:129) Ronald Wakai
Editors
Flexible High Performance
Magnetic Field Sensors
On-Scalp Magnetoencephalography and
Other Applications
Editors
EtienneLabyt TilmannSander
Mag4Health Biosignals(Magnetoencephalography)
Grenoble,France Physikalisch-TechnischeBundesanstalt
Berlin,Germany
RonaldWakai
MedicalPhysics
UniversityofWisconsin
Madison,WI,USA
ISBN978-3-031-05362-7 ISBN978-3-031-05363-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05363-4
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Preface
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an established method for neuroscience
research and clinical applications, most notably in epilepsy surgery planning. As
practicedoverthelast35years,however,MEGsuffersfromsignificantlimitations
imposed by the use of helium cooled, low-critical temperature superconducting
quantuminterferencedevices(low-TcSQUIDs),onwhichcommercialsystemsare
presentlybased.
New sensors, such as nitrogen cooled high-Tc SQUIDs and optically pumped
magnetometers(OPMs),removeseveralofthemajorlimitationsofexistingsystems
as they can be placed anywhere on the scalp and in positions adapted to an
individual’s head size and shape, and as required by the neuroimaging question at
hand. The nearly simultaneous and pioneering recordings of neural activity with
OPMsandhigh-TcSQUIDsover10yearsagospawnedtherapidlygrowingfieldof
on-scalp,“conformal”MEG.Sincethen,theoryandexperimenthavebeenusedto
demonstratetheadvantagesofon-scalpMEGforimprovingneuromagneticsignal
levelsandimagingresolution,ascomparedtolow-TcSQUIDMEGsystems.Sev-
eralMEGstudieshavealsobeenreportedwithinnovativeexperimentalparadigms,
only feasible with on-scalp MEG. Concomitant with this innovation in MEG are
OPMapplicationsingeneralbiomagnetism,suchasformagnetocardiographyand
magneticnanoparticles,andadvancesinothersensortechnologiessuchasmagneto
resistive(MR)magnetometers.
Thisvolumeismotivatedbytheneedforanoverviewoftherecentproliferation
of biomagnetism applications based on new sensor technologies. While some
physicsbackgroundisprovided,adistinguishingfeatureofthisworkisthefocuson
application-drivensystemintegrationissues.SeveralapproachestoconformalMEG
arepresentlybeingdeveloped:bothOPMsandhigh-TcSQUIDscanbeconfigured
in single- or multi-channel systems that, in the end, move the field closer to the
whole-headcoverageandbeyondpresentcommerciallow-TcSQUIDsystems.The
latest advances in this domain will be presented, such as multi-channel sensors
based on single gas cells, various atomic species in sensors, and free induction
decay readout. Together with the hardware, the methods of signal condition and
parameterextractionwillbecoverednotassinglechapters,buteachapproachisa
v
vi Preface
combinationofsensingunitandprocessingpipeline.On-scalpMEGsystemsallow
for a complete redesign of magnetic shielding due to their reduced size compared
tocurrentcommercialsystems.Innovativesolutionsofmagneticshieldingsuitable
foron-scalpMEGrecordingsaredescribed.
Industry-based physicists and engineers contributed to this work; however, all
authors write here in their capacity as scientists. An author’s affiliation with a
commercial entity should not be viewed as an endorsement, but rather a desire to
informreadersofthecriticaltechnicalinnovationtakingplaceatcompanies.
Followingtheintroduction,thebookcontainsthreemajorsections:OPMSystem
Development; MEG Applications; and MCG, MRX, and Other Applications.
Clearly the focus is on OPMs, but other technologies have their distinctive merits
andareincludedintheappropriatesections.Thechaptersvaryinlength,andmodest
overlapispermittedtomakethemreasonablyself-contained.
Theeditorsthankallthecontributorsfortakingthetimetowritetheirchapters
and for their patience until the work was complete. Assistance from students and
colleaguesinreviewingisgratefullyacknowledged.Wehopethatthisbookwillbe
valuable to researchers and students alike. Topics in this rapidly developing field
omittedfromthisvolumewillfindspaceinthenextedition.
Grenoble,France EtienneLabyt
Berlin,Germany TilmannSander
Madison,WI,USA RonaldWakai
Contents
PartI OPMandSystemDevelopments
1 OpticallyPumpedMagnetometersforBiomagneticMeasurements.. 3
MichaelV.Romalis
2 OpticallyPumpedMagnetometersCompatiblewithLarge
TransientMagneticFields................................................. 17
NicholasNardelli,SeanKrzyzewski,andSvenjaKnappe
3 SmallAnimalBiomagnetismApplications............................... 33
KasperJensen,BoHjorthBentzen,andEugeneS.Polzik
4 SupineOPM-MEGinMultilayerCylindricalShield................... 49
JingweiSheng,DongxuLi,ShuangaiWan,JieQin,andJia-HongGao
5 AmbulatoryMEGArrays ................................................. 63
V.Shah,J.Osborne,andC.Doyle
PartII MEGApplications
6 Tri-axialHelium-4OpticallyPumpedMagnetometersforMEG..... 79
A.Palacios-Laloy,M.LePrado,andE.Labyt
7 Person-Sized Magnetoencephalography Systems
withOpticallyPumpedMagnetometers ................................. 111
PeterD.D.SchwindtandAmirBorna
8 On-scalpMEGwithHigh-T SQUIDs ................................... 143
c
JustinF.Schneiderman
9 Fiber-CoupledOPMinPurelyCoil-ShieldedEnvironment........... 161
TengWu,XiangPeng,JingbiaoChen,andHongGuo
10 SERF-OPMUsabilityforMEGinTwo-Layer-ShieldedRooms ...... 179
VojkoJazbinšek,UrbanMarhl,andTilmannSander
vii
viii Contents
11 TurningOPM-MEGintoaWearableTechnology...................... 195
Natalie Rhodes, Niall Holmes, Ryan Hill, Gareth Barnes,
RichardBowtell,MatthewBrookes,andElenaBoto
PartIII MCG,MRX,andOtherApplications
12 OPMGradiometerforMagnetorelaxometry............................ 227
A.Prospero,J.R.A.Miranda,andO.Baffa
13 Unshielded High-Bandwidth Magnetorelaxometry of
MagneticNanoparticleswithOpticallyPumped
Magnetometers.............................................................. 247
Victor Lebedev, Aaron Jaufenthaler, Thomas Middelmann,
andDanielBaumgarten
14 AdultMagnetocardiography:PrinciplesandClinicalPractice....... 267
Vineet Erasala, Anthony Senagore, Peeyush Shrivastava,
RheaMalhotra,EmmanuelSetegn,andRobertSokolowski
15 FetalMagnetocardiographywithOPMs................................. 283
RonaldWakai
16 EmergingMRSensorsforBiomagneticMeasurements................ 299
Yoshiaki Adachi, Shigenori Kawabata, Tetsuro Tatsuoka,
andYasushiTerazono
Index............................................................................... 313
About the Editors
Dr.EtienneLabytisaSeniorExpertEngineerinMEG/EEGimagingattheFrench
Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission. He is working on helium
optically pumped magnetometers for MEG imaging. Since February 2022, he is
involvedinMag4Healthcompanyaschiefmedicalofficer.
Dr. Tilmann Sander is a senior scientist in the working group “Optical Magne-
tometry” at Physikalish-Technische Bundesantalt. His research interest is magne-
toencephalographyandtheassociatedsignalconditioningbysignalprocessing.His
currentfocusisassessmentofOPM-MEGascomplementoralternativetoSQUID-
MEG.
Prof. Ronald Wakai is a Professor in the Department of Medical Physics at
the University of Wisconsin. His research involves biomedical applications of
magnetic sensors and signal processing. The focus of his current research is fetal
magnetocardiography.
ix
Part I
OPM and System Developments