Flexible Flat Panel Displays

557 Pages·2005·11.192 MB·English

by  Gregory Crawford

Flexible Flat Panel Displays
FlexibleFlatPanelDisplays EditedbyG.P.Crawford
# 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., ISBN 0-470-87048-6
http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
Wiley-SID Series in Display Technology
Editor:
Anthony C. Lowe
The Lambent Consultancy, Braishfield, UK
Display Systems:
Design and Applications
Lindsay W. MacDonald and Anthony C. Lowe (Eds)
Electronic Display Measurement:
Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation
Peter A. Keller
Projection Displays
Edward H. Stupp and Mathew S. Brennesholz
Liquid Crystal Displays:
Addressing Schemes and Electro-Optical Effects
Ernst Lueder
Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays
Shin-Tson Wu and Deng-Ke Yang
Colour Engineering:
Achieving Device Independent Colour
Phil Green and Lindsay MacDonald (Eds)
Display Interfaces:
Fundamentals and Standards
Robert L. Myers
Digital Image Display:
Algorithms and Implementation
Gheorghe Berbecel
Flexible Flat Panel Displays
Gregory P. Crawford (Ed)
Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection
Michael G. Robinson, Jianmin Chen, Gary D. Sharp
Published in Association with the Society for Information Display
SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY
Flexible Flat Panel Displays
Edited by
Gregory P. Crawford
Brown University, USA
Copyright#2005 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Flexibleflatpaneldisplays/editedbyGregoryP.Crawford.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13978-0-470-87048-8(alk.paper)
ISBN-100-470-87048-6(alk.paper)
1. Informationdisplaysystems.2. Liquidcrystaldisplays.
3. Electroluminescentdisplaysystems.
I.Crawford,GregoryPhilip.
TK7882.I6F54 2005
621.38150422–dc22 2005003238
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN-13 978-0-470-87048-8(HB)
ISBN-10 0-470-87048-6(HB)
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyThomsonPress(India)Limited,NewDelhi
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd.,Chippenham,Wiltshire
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry
inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
Contents
List of Contributors xvii
Foreword xxiii
Series Editor’s Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
1 Flexible Flat Panel Display Technology 1
Gregory P. Crawford
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Manufacturing 4
1.3 EnablingTechnologies 5
1.3.1 Flexiblesubstrates 6
1.3.2 Barrierlayers 6
1.3.3 Inorganicconductinglayers andmechanical properties 7
1.3.4 Organicconductinglayersandmechanical properties 7
1.3.5 Opticalcoatings 7
1.3.6 Thinfilmtransistors 7
1.3.7 Electro-opticmaterials 8
1.3.8 Flexibledisplayprototypes 8
1.3.9 Markets 8
1.4 Conclusions 9
References 9
2 Engineered Films for Display Technologies 11
Bill A. MacDonald, Keith Rollins, Duncan MacKerron,
Karl Rakos, Robert Eveson, Katsuyuki Hashimoto, and Bob Rustin
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 PolymerSubstrates 12
2.3 Properties 13
2.3.1 Opticalproperties 13
2.3.2 Birefringence 14
2.3.3 Thermalproperties 14
2.3.4 Moistureandsolventresistance 19
2.3.5 Surfacetreatment 20
vi CONTENTS
2.3.6 Barrier 23
2.3.7 Mechanicalproperties ofthecomposite structure 24
2.4 PolyesterFilmsinApplication 27
2.4.1 Novellow-temperature processesforbuildingsilicon-basedTFTs 28
2.4.2 Adaptingexisting siliconprocessestoreasonablylowtemperature 29
2.4.3 Organic-basedTFTswithprocessingtemperatures below200(cid:1)C 30
2.4.4 UseofTeonexinflexibledisplays 30
2.5 ConcludingRemarks 31
Acknowledgements 31
References 31
3 Flexible Glass Substrates 35
Armin Plichta, Andreas Habeck, Silke Knoche, Anke Kruse,
Andreas Weber, and Norbert Hildebrand
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 DisplayGlass Properties 36
3.2.1 Overviewofdisplayglass types 36
3.2.2 Glassproperties 37
3.3 ManufacturingofThin‘‘Flexible’’Glass 41
3.3.1 Floatanddowndrawtechnologyforspecial glass 41
3.3.2 Limits 42
3.4 MechanicalProperties 45
3.4.1 Thinglassandglass/plasticsubstrates 45
3.4.2 Mechanicaltestmethodsforflexibleglasses 45
3.5 ImprovementinMechanical PropertiesofGlass 48
3.5.1 Reinforcement ofglasssubstrates 48
3.6 ProcessingofFlexibleGlass 50
3.6.1 Cleaning 51
3.6.2 Separation 51
3.7 CurrentThinGlassSubstrateApplications andTrends 53
3.7.1 Displays 53
3.7.2 Touch panels 53
3.7.3 Sensors 54
3.7.4 Wafer-levelchipsizepackaging 54
References 55
4 Barrier Layer Technology for Flexible Displays 57
Gordon L. Graff, Paul E. Burrows, Rick E. Williford,
and Robert F. Praino
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Development ofThinFilmVaporBarrierSystems 58
4.2.1 Organicelectronics:packaging needs 59
4.2.2 Single-layergasbarrier filmsonpolymericsubstrates 59
4.2.3 MultilayergasbarrierfilmsforOLEDs 60
4.3 MeasurementTechniques 61
4.3.1 Steady-statetransmissiontests 61
4.3.2 Thecalciumtest 62
4.3.3 Defectcharacterization 63
4.4 TheoriesofVaporBarrierPermeation 63
CONTENTS vii
4.5 DeconvolutionofExperimentalData 64
4.5.1 Transient andsteady-state permeationmodels 65
4.5.2 Methodstodetermineinsituproperties 67
4.5.3 Implicationsformultilayerbarriersystems 72
4.6 Discussion 73
4.7 Conclusions 74
Acknowledgements 75
References 75
5 Transparent Conducting Oxide Materials and Technology 79
David C. Paine, Hyo-Young Yeom, and Burag Yaglioglu
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Materials SelectionandCharacterization 80
5.2.1 Transparent conductingmaterialsclasses: whyoxides? 80
5.2.2 Transparent conductingoxides:generalconsiderations 81
5.3 Indium-BasedBinaryOxides 84
5.3.1 Background 84
5.3.2 Crystallineindiumtinoxide 86
5.3.3 Amorphousindiumtinoxide 90
5.3.4 Amorphousindiumzinc oxide 92
5.4 FutureDirectionsforTransparent ConductingOxides 94
5.4.1 Novelmaterials 94
5.4.2 Manufacturingconsiderations 95
5.5 Summary 96
References 97
6 Mechanics of ITO on Plastic Substrates for Flexible Displays 99
Piet C. P. Bouten, Peter J. Slikkerveer, and Yves Leterrier
6.1 Introduction 99
6.1.1 Plasticsubstrates containthinbrittlelayers 99
6.1.2 Thermoelasticproperties ofthinfilms 100
6.1.3 Mechanicalloading andinternalstresses 101
6.1.4 Failuremodesofthinbrittlefilms 102
6.2 FailureofBrittleLayersunderTensileStress 103
6.2.1 Mechanicaltestmethods 103
6.2.2 Characteristic failuremodes 104
6.2.3 Experimental analysisofuniformlayers 104
6.2.4 Experimental analysisofpatterned layers 108
6.2.5 Discussion onfailuremechanics 109
6.3 FailureofBrittleLayersunderCompressiveStress 112
6.3.1 Somepicturesofcharacteristic failuremodes 112
6.3.2 Mechanism ofbucklingfailure 113
6.3.3 Bucklingstrain 114
6.3.4 Discussion 115
6.4 TheFailureSituation inaDisplay 117
6.4.1 Summaryofthefailureresults 117
6.4.2 Morecomplexsituations 118
6.4.3 Whatdoesit meanforaproduct? 118
6.5 Conclusions 119
Acknowledgements 119
References 120
viii CONTENTS
7 Stability of Externally Deformed ITO Films 121
Jeong-In Han
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 MechanicalProperties ofThinFilms 122
7.2.1 Numericalanalysisofmechanical stressinducedbybendingforce 123
7.2.2 Experimental resultsforbending-inducedmechanical stress 127
7.3 Conclusions 131
References 132
8 Conductive Polymers 135
L. ‘‘Bert’’ Groenendaal
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 HistoricalOverview 138
8.3 OverviewofPolymerization Methods 139
8.3.1 Chemicaloxidativepolymerizations 139
8.3.2 Chemicalreductivepolymerizations 140
8.3.3 Polymerizationsbasedonorganometalliccross-couplingreactions 141
8.3.4 Electrochemicalpolymerizations 144
8.4 OverviewofConductivePolymerTypes 145
8.4.1 Polyacetyleneandderivatives 145
8.4.2 Polyanilineandderivatives 148
8.4.3 Polypyrroleandderivatives 151
8.4.4 Polythiopheneandderivatives 153
8.4.5 Otherconductivepolymers 156
8.5 ApplicationsforConductivePolymers 156
8.6 Outlook 158
References 159
9 Mechanical Reliability of Conductive Polymers for Rollable
Display Applications 163
Darran R. Cairns
9.1 Introduction 163
9.2 ElectromechanicalProperties ofTransparent Anodes 165
9.2.1 ITO-coated PETintension 166
9.2.2 PEDOT:PSSintension 169
9.2.3 Cyclicloadingintension 169
9.3 EnvironmentalDegradationofPEDOT:PSS 171
9.4 CyclicMandrelLoadingofFlexibleAnodes 172
9.5 Conclusions 174
References 175
10 Optical and Functional Coatings for Flexible Displays 179
Matthew E. Sousa and Gregory P. Crawford
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 ThinFilmPolarizers 180
10.2.1 Thincrystalfilmpolarizers 180
10.2.2 Cholestericfilmpolarizers 182
CONTENTS ix
10.3 ThinFilmRetarders 184
10.3.1 Thincrystalfilmretarders 184
10.3.2 Reactivemesogenretarders 185
10.4 ColorFilters 186
10.5 AlignmentLayers 188
10.5.1 Linearpolymerizedphotopolymeralignmentlayers 189
10.5.2 Multidomainlinearpolymerizedphotopolymeralignmentlayers 189
10.6 AntireflectiveCoatings 190
10.7 Summary 191
References 191
11 Patterning Techniques and Semiconductor Materials
for Flexible Electronics 195
John A. Rogers and Graciela Blanchet
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Large-Area Patterning Techniques 197
11.2.1 Contactprintingwithhigh-resolutionstamps 197
11.2.2 Thermaltransferprinting 202
11.2.3 Combiningcontactandthermaltransfer printing 204
11.3 PrintableSemiconductors andDevices 205
11.3.1 Conventionalorganicsemiconductors 205
11.3.2 Newprintablesemiconductorsforflexiblecircuits 209
11.4 PrototypeCircuits andSystems 212
11.5 Conclusions 214
Acknowledgements 214
References 215
12 Printed Organic Electronics 219
Raj B. Apte, Robert A. Street, Ana Claudia Arias, Alberto Salleo,
Michael Chabinyc, William S. Wong, Beng S. Ong, Yiliang Wu,
Ping Liu, and Sandra Gardner
12.1 Introduction 219
12.2 SystemRequirements 220
12.3 Transistor Requirements 222
12.3.1 Fabrication methods 224
12.3.2 Contactresistance 224
12.3.3 Short-channel effects 226
12.3.4 Biasstressandchemicalstability 226
12.4 OrganicSemiconductors 229
12.4.1 High-performancepolythiophenedesigns 231
12.4.2 Poly(dialkylterthiophene) 232
12.4.3 Poly(dialkylquaterthiophene) 235
12.5 DigitalLithography 237
12.5.1 Subtractiveprinting 237
12.5.2 Additiveprinting 238
12.6 Prospects 240
Acknowledgements 240
References 241