Flexible Bioelectronics with Power Autonomous Sensing and Data Analytics

187 Pages·2022·9.301 MB·English

by  Sameer Sonkusale, Maryam Shojaei Baghini, Shuchin Aeron

Sameer Sonkusale
Maryam Shojaei Baghini
Shuchin Aeron
Flexible Bioelectronics
with Power
Autonomous Sensing
and Data Analytics
Flexible Bioelectronics with Power Autonomous
Sensing and Data Analytics
Sameer Sonkusale • Maryam Shojaei Baghini (cid:129)
Shuchin Aeron
Flexible Bioelectronics with
Power Autonomous Sensing
and Data Analytics
SameerSonkusale MaryamShojaeiBaghini
TuftsUniversity IndianInstituteofTechnologyBombay
Medford,MA,USA Mumbai,India
ShuchinAeron
TuftsUniversity
Medford,MA,USA
ISBN978-3-030-98537-0 ISBN978-3-030-98538-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98538-7
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Preface: Introduction and Overview
of Flexible Bioelectronics
MotivationforThisBook
Advances in materials, processing, and microfabrication have spurred the digital
revolution of today. These advances have revolutionized the way we process and
communicate information using computers and smart phones. They have changed
thewayweentertainourselvesusingtelevisionandvideogames.Andimportantly,
theyhavegreatlyimprovedthequalityofourlivesthroughadvancesinhealthcare
andassistivetechnologies.However,majorityoftheseplatformsstillrelyondesigns
andmaterialsthatarerigidandbulky.Theymaybewellsuitedfortheenvironment
around us; however, they are ill equipped to adorn our body as wearables or be
utilizedasimplantable,whichrequiresconformabilityandflexibility.Theneedfor
flexibilitybringsnewchallengesintheirfabricationthatconventionalmicrofabrica-
tion approaches that rely on top down lithography or high temperature processing
using hard substrates may not be able to provide without further advancements.
This requires new thinking and approaches to process soft materials into flexible
devicesthatcanthenbeintegratedintosystemsforwearable,implantable,orother
applications.Overthelastdecade,therehasbeentremendousresearchprogressin
thisemergingareaofflexibleelectronics.Theresearchprogresshasspannedareas
ofinnovativematerialsdevelopmentsuchassoftpolymers,includingbiomaterials
as substrates,to the use of exciting two-dimensional ultra-thin nanomaterials such
as graphene as transistors and sensors. Research has also focused on converting
existingbulkyandrigidmaterialslikesiliconintothinmicro-andnano-membranes
to make them flexible and conformal for integration onto flexible substrates. Age-
old methods of roll-to-roll printing and inkjet printing have been transformed to
allow fabrication of micron-scale features for flexible electronics. New device
developments for transistors and sensors that are inherently more suitable for
flexibledevicessuchaselectrolyticgatingoftransistorshavealsoevolved.Finally,
there have been a lot of peripheral developments in supporting technologies to
interface and communicate with these new flexible devices. These developments
maynotbeflexiblethemselvesbutareextremelyimportantforpracticalrealization
v
vi Preface:IntroductionandOverviewofFlexibleBioelectronics
of integrated flexible systems. For example, packaging and integration of flexible
sensors with conventional Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
integrated circuits is key. Another example is that of wireless energy and power
harvesting for flexible platforms, which may not be on flexible substrates. Yet
another effort is on algorithms and circuits that are more amenable for processing
data from flexible devices. These topics while not directly related to fabrication
andrealizationarealsoquiterelevantwhenitcomestothepracticalrealizationof
flexibleelectronicplatforms.
FlexibleBioelectronics
Flexible electronics in general has been touted as the next frontiers for consumer
electronicdeviceslikeflexibledisplays,curvilineartelevisions,andfoldingphones.
However, the biggest driving force for advances in flexible electronics has been
the need for devices that can provide intimate interface with the human body for
monitoring our health and wellness. For example, there is a need to make next
generation of prosthetics that can conform and interface well to the contours of
the human body. Flexible bioelectronics is a niche area where flexible electronics
overlaps with biomedical applications and where the key goals are to develop
materials,devices,andsystemsthatcanresidesafelyonthehumanbodyorwithin
it for the purpose of monitoring and augmenting human health and performance.
Smart watches and smart rings are commercial products today that fit this space;
however, these devices are still rigid and bulky and cannot be adapted for other
biomedical needs. More promising examples of flexible bioelectronics take us
beyondthesmartwatchtosmartskin,whereflexibledevicesconformdirectlyonthe
humanskinforhealthmonitoringandprovideintimatehuman–machineinterfaces.
Yet another example of flexible bio-electronics is that of smart bandages for the
treatment of chronic wounds, where a biocompatible interface containing flexible
sensorsanddrugdeliveryisneededtomonitorandrepairdeepwounds.Anexample
intherealmofimplantablesisthatofaflexibleneuralelectrodearrayforstimulation
ofandrecordingfromneuronsinthebrainandperipheralnervoussystem.Thenext
generationofneuralinterfacesalsoincorporatesdrugdeliveryand/orchemicalstim-
ulationfortrulyremarkablemulti-modalneuralimplants.Insuchapplications,there
isanevenmorestringentrequirementonthebiocompatibilitytoensurelong-term
chronicimplantation.Everymaterial,structure,ordesignusedinthedevelopment
ofsuchflexiblebioelectronicimplantsneedstobescrutinizedforlong-termtoxicity
and inflammation all the while ensuring continued functionality and performance
over months and years of implantation. Different biomedical applications elicit
different requirements for materials, design, and structure with unique processing
andfabricationtechniquesmoresuitablefortheirformandstructure.Forexample,
neural implants are expected to have softness and mechanical properties of brain,
which are more adequately achieved using hydrogels or soft biopolymers, which
also happen to be more biocompatible. And these materials can only be patterned
Preface:IntroductionandOverviewofFlexibleBioelectronics vii
or shaped into devices using low temperature solution-based processing rather
thanconventionalcleanroomtechniques.Theserequirementsareuniquetoflexible
bioelectronicsandformasubsetofallapproachesandmethodsavailableforflexible
electronics.Thisemphasiswillbethefocusofthediscussioninthisbook.Itisalso
wellunderstoodthattheprogressinflexiblebioelectronicswillhavetogothrough
multiple phases of development, where the earliest and nearest developments will
focusalsoonthepracticalityofmergingsimpleconcepts/devicesforflexiblesensors
and electronics with conventional electronic devices that may be rigid but small
(e.g.,CMOSIC).Thesehybridplatformscombiningsmallintegratedcircuitchips
onflexiblesubstratesthroughflexibleinterconnectscanprovideamazingflexibility
and conformability adequate for many applications such as wearable electronic
skins. The book will attempt to focus on such hybrid integrations, and also on
conventional and novel circuits and algorithms that are suitable for such hybrid
platforms.
ContentsofThis Book
Flexibleelectronicsandbioelectronicshasbeenaveryactivefieldofresearchand
development in recent years. There have been many review papers written on this
topic with select books. The focus of those papers and books has been solely
from the point of view of material scientists who extol the virtues of polymers
and flexible substrates, or those who focus on engineering hard materials through
thinning and patterning to achieve flexibility. There are yet others that focus on
specificapplications.However,thereisnodiscussiononflexiblebioelectronicsfrom
theviewofpracticingengineersonhowtoapplytheirknowledgeandexpertisein
devices, circuits, and algorithms to this emerging field. This book tries to address
suchagapinunderstandingbyfirstprovidingagentleintroductiontothematerials
andprocessing(Chap.1)followedbybasicsinsensing(Chap.2).Twodetailedcase
studies of flexible bioelectronic platforms, namely smart flexible wound dressing
and textile-based wearable diagnostics (Chap. 2), will provide a comprehensive
review and deeper understanding of the challenges and promises of this field.
Chapter 3 will finally delve into CMOS-based integrated circuits for readout
fromflexible sensor platformscovering bothresistiveand capacitive sensors.This
discussionassumesahybridflexiblebioelectronicsapproachwhereflexiblesensors
and flexible substrates interact with small CMOS ICs for readout and signal
conditioning. Chapter 4 will continue the discussion of further digitizing signals
using data converters amenable to sensing applications. Beyond circuits, efforts
onenergyharvestingandpowermanagementarecriticalforflexiblebioelectronics
platformandwillbediscussedinChap.5.Chapter6willfinallydiscussalgorithms
for processing and data analytics pertaining to flexible bioelectronic applications.
Majority of the discussion will be on intelligent sampling and data acquisition to
viii Preface:IntroductionandOverviewofFlexibleBioelectronics
reducepowerdissipationwithoutsacrificingaccuracythroughcompressedsensing
approaches, and also data recovery and remediation in the presence of noise and
motionartifacts.
Medford,MA,USA SameerSonkusale
Mumbai,India MaryamShojaeiBaghini
Medford,MA,USA ShuchinAeron
Acknowledgments
This book was a result of collaborative effort from DST (Department of Science
and Technology) and MHRD (Ministry of Human Resource Development), Gov-
ernment of India, under the SPARC (Scheme for the Promotion of Academic and
ResearchCollaboration).S.SalsoacknowledgesthepartialsupportoftheOfficeof
NavalResearch(ONR)grantN0014-16-1-2550,ONRDURIPawardN00014-20-1-
2188,DepartmentofDefenseCongressionallyDirectedMedicalResearchProgram
(CDMRP)grantW81XWH-20-1-0589,UniformedServicesUniversity/HenryJack-
sonFoundation(HJF)awardHU0001-20-2-0014,andNationalScienceFoundation
(NSF)award1931978,1935555,and1951104.
This book is a collaborative effort of multiple authors who contributed to the
writingofthisbook.Belowweacknowledgetheircontributions:
Preface
SameerSonkusale(TuftsUniversity)
Chapter1:MaterialsandProcessingofFlexibleBioelectronics
NarendraKumar(BostonCollege)andSameerSonkusale(TuftsUniversity)
Chapter2:SensorsandPlatformsforFlexibleBioelectronics
JunfeiXia(TuftsUniversity)andSameerSonkusale(TuftsUniversity)
Chapter3:Low-noiseCMOSSignalConditioningCircuits
Dr. Maryam Shojaei Baghini (IIT Bombay), Dr. Meraj Ahmad (IIT Bombay) and
Dr.ShahidMailk(IITDelhi)
Chapter4:DataConvertersforWearableSensorApplications
Dr.MaryamShojaeiBaghini(IITBombay),Dr.LaxmeeshaSomappa(IITBombay)
andDr.ShahidMalik(IITDelhi)
Chapter5:PowerManagementCircuitsforEnergyHarvesting
Dr. Maryam Shojaei Baghini (IIT Bombay), Dr. Meraj Ahmad (IIT Bombay), Dr.
ShahidMalik(IITDelhi)andDr.GauravSaini(IITBombay)
Chapter6:SamplingandRecoveryofSignalswithSpectralSparsity
Dr.ShuchinAeron(TuftsUniversity)andDr.LaxmeeshaSomappa(IITBombay)
Chapter7:CompressedSensing
Dr.ShuchinAeron(TuftsUniversity)andDr.LaxmeeshaSomappa(IITBombay)
ix
Contents
1 MaterialsandProcessingforFlexibleBioelectronics.................... 1
2 SensorsandPlatformsforFlexibleBioelectronics ....................... 27
3 Low-NoiseCMOSSignalConditioningCircuits ......................... 63
4 DataConvertersforWearableSensorApplications ..................... 87
5 PowerManagementCircuitsforEnergyHarvesting .................... 121
6 SamplingandRecoveryofSignalswithSpectralSparsity ............. 143
7 CompressedSensing ........................................................ 155
Index............................................................................... 177
xi