Flea Biology and Control: The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals

199 Pages·2001·15.867 MB·English

by  Dr. Friederike Krämer, Dr. Norbert Mencke (auth.)

Friederike Kramer
Norbert Mencke
ea iology
Con
The Biology of the Cat Flea
Control and Prevention
with Imidacloprid in Small Animals
With 49 Figures
and 43 Tables
Springer
DR. FRIEDERIKE KRAMER
School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
Department of Parasitology
Biinteweg 17
30559 Hannover
Germany
DR. NORBERT MENCKE
Bayer AG
BG Animal Health
BU Companion Animals
51368 Leverkusen
Germany
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kramer, Friederike, 1971-
Flea biology and control: the biology of the cat flea, control and prevention with
imidacloprid in small animals I Friederike Kramer, Norbert Mencke.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index.
ISBN 3540417761 (alk. paper)
1. Cat flea-Control. 2. Cat flea. 3. Cats-Parasites-Control. 4. Dogs-Parasites-Control.
5. Pets-Parasites-Control. I. Mencke, Norbert, 1959-11. Title.
SF986.C37 K36 2001
628.9'657-dc21 2001020618
ISBN 3-540-41776-1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
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London
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Paris
Singapore
Tokyo
Friederike Kramer
Norbert Mencke
Flea Biology and Control
The Biology of the Cat Flea
Control and Prevention
with Imidacloprid in Small Animals
..
Dedicated to
all itching and scratching dogs
and cats in the world.
may you not suffer
from flea bites any longer.
III
Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................ 1
2 General Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
3 Taxonomy .......................................................... 5
4 Dissemination and Economic,
Veterinary and Medical Importance .............................. 9
Origin and Distribution .......................................... 9
Economic Importance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Veterinary Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
Medical Importance ............................................ 14
5 Developmental Cycle of Fleas .................................... 17
Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Larvae .............................................................. 20
Pupae ............................................................... 25
Preemerged Adults .................................................. 27
Adults ............................................................... 29
6 Flea Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
7 Flea-Related Dermatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Flea Bite Dermatitis ................................................. 39
Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) .................................. " 40
Clinical Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
Differential Diagnosis of FAD .......................................... 45
Histopathological Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
Immunopathogenesis of FAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Diagnosis of FAD and Flea Bite Dermatitis ......................... 51
Treatment of Flea-Related Skin Diseases ........................... 54
Adjunctive Medical Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
Hyposensitization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
Treatment of the Premises ....................................... 56
Indoor Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
Outdoor Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58
8 Resistance ......................................................... 59
9 Imidacloprid....................................................... 63
History of Imidacloprid ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
Chemical Properties of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
Biological Profile, Mode of Action
and Direct Insecticidal Activity ................................... 67
Biological Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
Mode of Action and Direct Insecticidal Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
Indirect Insecticidal Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76
Resistance of Sucking Pests Against Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Imidacloprid ..................... 81
Symptomatology of Insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
Pharmacology of Imidacloprid ......................................... 82
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
Toxicology of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
Toxicology of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
Tolerability of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on in Dogs and Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
Ecological Effects and Ecotoxicological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92
Safety Assessment for Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
Imidacloprid as a Veterinary Product for Flea Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98
Clinical Efficacy of Imidacloprid (Advantage®) in Dogs and Cats. . . . . . . . . .. 106
Laboratory Studies in Dogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
Field Studies in Dogs ................................................ 113
Laboratory Studies in Cats ........................................... 120
Field Studies in Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
Comparative Studies (Between Imidacloprid
and Other Compounds for Flea Control) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
Laboratory Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
Field Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136
Larvicidal Effect of Imidacloprid
and Efficacy Enhancement (with PBO) ................................. 141
Larvicidal Effect. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
Efficacy Enhancement .............................................. 148
Environmental and Habitual Factors
Influencing Imidacloprid Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149
Effects of Shampooing and Repeated Water Exposure. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 149
'Umbrella Effect' .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
Small Domestic Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
Rabbits ........................................................... 154
Ferrets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157
Rodents and Other Small Animals. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
Ectoparasitic Spectrum of Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
Louse Infestation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
Sheep Ked Infestation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163
Subject Index ........................................................ 185
Ell
Abbreviations
ACh acetylcholine
AChR acetylcholine receptor
a.i. active ingredient
a-BGT a-bungarotoxin
b.w. body weight
CBH cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity
eDNA complementary desoxyribonucleic acid
CNS central nervous system
dpt days post treatment
e.g. lat. exempli gratia - for instance
EM electron microscopy
FAD flea allergic/allergy dermatitis
GABA y-aminobutyric acid
HCH hexachlorocyclohexane
101 insect development inhibitor
i.e. lat. id est - that is to say
IGR insect growth regulator
lOST intradermal skin test
IPM integrated pest management
IRAC insecticide resistance action committee
IRM integrated resistance management
LC lethal concentration with 50% death
so
LO lethal dosage with 50% death
so
mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
mPa milli -pascale
nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
NOEL/NOEC no observed effect level/concentration
NMH nitromethylene heterocycle
MO miliary dermatitis
MFO mixed function oxidase
MOS margin of safety
p.a. post application
PBO piperonyl butoxide
p.t. post treatment
ppm parts per million
\t) registered trademark
RfO reference dose
RH relative humidity
SAR structure-activity relationship
SO standard deviation
TEM transmission electron microscopy
TM trademark
WHO World Health Organization
wt/wt weight per weight
w/v weight per volume