Table Of ContentEngineering Materials
P.M. Visakh
Yoshihiko Arao Editors
Flame
Retardants
Polymer Blends, Composites and
Nanocomposites
Engineering Materials
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4288
P.M. Visakh · Yoshihiko Arao
Editors
Flame Retardants
Polymer Blends, Composites
and Nanocomposites
1 3
Editors
P.M. Visakh Yoshihiko Arao
Tomsk Polytechnic University Doshisha University
Tomsk Kyoto
Russia Japan
ISSN 1612-1317 ISSN 1868-1212 (electronic)
Engineering Materials
ISBN 978-3-319-03466-9 ISBN 978-3-319-03467-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015930079
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Preface
The book on “Flame Retardants: Polymer Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites”
summarizes many of the recent research accomplishments in the area of flame
retardant such as state-of-art polyoxymethylene, flame retardancy of polymer
nanocomposite, recent developments in different techniques used for the flame
retardancy, recent development of phosphorus flame retardants in thermoplastic
blends and nanocomposites, non-halogen flame retardants in epoxy-based compos-
ites and nanocomposites, flame retardant/resistant-based nanocomposites in textile,
flame retardants in bitumens and nanocomposites, fire retardant for phase change
material, flame retardant finishing for textiles, flame retardant of cellulosic materials
and their composites. As the title indicates, the book emphasizes the various aspects
of flame retardants and their nanocomposites. This book is intended to serve as a
“one stop” reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of
flame retardant-based nanocomposites book. This book will be a very valuable refer-
ence source for university and college faculties, professionals, postdoctoral research
fellows, senior graduate students, researchers from R&D laboratories working in
the area of flame retardant-based nanocomposites. The various chapters in this book
are contributed by prominent researchers from industry, academia and government/
private research laboratories across the globe. It covers an up-to-date record on the
major findings and observations in the field of flame retardant-based nanocomposites.
The first chapter on flame retardant-based nanocomposites gives an o verview
of the area of state of art, new challenges and opportunities of flame retardant-
based studies and research. The following chapter provides good structure of
flame retardancy of polymer nanocomposite. This chapter explained with many
sub topics such as nanocomposite-based fire retardants, fire-retardancy mechanism
of carbon-based nanocomposites, fire-retardant mechanism for clay-based
nanocomposites, polymer nanocomposites combined with conventional fire retard-
ants, nanocomposites combined with halogenated flame retardants, nanocompos-
ites combined with phosphorus and intumescents, nanocomposites combined with
metal hydroxides, other combinations, fire-protective coatings, intumescent coating,
nanocoating. The next chapter mainly concentrates on developments in different
techniques used for flame retardancy. The authors of this chapter discuss different
v
vi Preface
types of instruments used for flame retardant nanocomposites; in the first half of
this chapter the authors explained the main instruments such as cone calorimetry,
UL94 and condensed phase pyrolysis and their usage, test principle, test specimens,
test procedure, test report, etc. In the second half of this chapter is discussed poly-
mer combustion smoke formation. Finally, the chapter discusses the future trends of
nanotechnology of flame retardant catalysis technique, ceramic/glass shield, vapour
phase flame retardant, flame retardant synergy. The fourth chapter discusses the
development of phosphorus flame retardants in thermoplastic blends and nanocom-
posites. This chapter discusses many interesting topics such as phosphorus flame
retardants, commercial products, degradation of phosphorus flame retardants, appli-
cations of phosphorus flame retardants, properties of phosphorus flame retardants,
effects of phosphorus flame retardants in environment, phosphorus flame retardants
in thermoplastic blends and nanocomposites and future trends.
Another chapter deals with the review of non-halogen flame retardants in epoxy-
based composites and nanocomposites: flame retardancy and rheological properties.
The authors of this chapter explain using different subjects such as mechanism of
flame retardant materials in epoxy-based composites, review of reactive phospho-
rus-based flame retardant epoxy resins system, DOPO-derivatives flame retardants
system, phosphors containing flame retardants system, review of rheological and
mechanical properties of advanced epoxy resins containing DOPO-derivatives and
review of inorganic and metallic-based flame retardants in epoxy resins. Another
chapter on flame retardant/resistant-based nanocomposites in textile, explained
with different subjects such as flame retardant for plastic, flame retardancy of
textile, strategies with nanocomposite principle and their fire properties for tex-
tiles. Authors of this chapter also explained with many sub topics such as mode
of actions, halogen-containing flame retardants inorganic compounds, charring
and intumescent systems, burning behaviour and fire hazards of textile, flammabil-
ity testing of textiles, and flame retarding systems for textile. The seventh chapter
discusses flame retardants in bitumens and nanocomposites; from this chapter we
can see different topics related to bitumens and their uses in flame retardant studies
such as conventional flame retardant modified bitumen, new types of environmen-
tal friendly flame retardants using bitumen, bitumen/flame retardant nanocom-
posites, and future trends. The authors discuss in the eighth chapter fire retardants
for phase change material, type of fire retardant, experimental work conducted by
other researchers, experimental work performed at the University of Auckland and
materials for fire testing. The subsequent chapter on flame retardant finishing for
textiles gives explanations with many sub-topics such as fabrication, mechanism of
combustion, mechanism of flame retardancy, chemistry of flame retardant additives,
flame retardants (FR) for textiles, flame retardant testing methods, environmentally
sustainable flame retardants: novel approaches.
The final chapter on flame retardant cellulosic materials and their composites
explains the physical and chemical structure of cellulosic materials, fire and flame
retardancy finishing of cellulosic materials, fire and flame retardancy finishing of
cellulosic materials, and their composites.
Preface vii
Finally, the editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the con-
tributors of this book, who gave excellent support for the successful completion
of this venture. We are grateful to them for the commitment and the sincerity they
have shown towards their contribution to the book. Without their enthusiasm and
support, compilation of the book would not have been possible. We would like to
thank all the reviewers who have taken their valuable time to make critical com-
ments on each chapter. We also thank the publisher Springer for recognizing the
demand for such a book, and for realizing the increasing importance of the area
of “Flame Retardants: Polymer Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites” and
for starting such a new project, in which not many other publishers have put their
hands.
P.M. Visakh
Contents
1 Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types
of Nanocomposites .......................................... 1
P.M. Visakh
2 Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite .................. 15
Yoshihiko Arao
3 Recent Developments in Different Techniques Used
for the Flame Retardancy .................................... 45
Tao Xu
4 Recent Development of Phosphorus Flame Retardants
in Thermoplastic Blends and Nanocomposites ................... 79
Ivana Mihajlovic´
5 A Review of Non-halogen Flame Retardants in Epoxy-Based
Composites and Nanocomposites: Flame Retardancy
and Rheological Properties ................................... 115
Seongchan Pack
6 Flame Retardant/Resistant Based Nanocomposites in Textile ...... 131
F. Rault, S. Giraud and F. Salaün
7 Flame Retardants in Bitumens and Nanocomposites ............. 167
Henglong L. Zhang, Jianying Y. Yu and Chongzheng Z. Zhu
8 Fire Retardant for Phase Change Material ..................... 187
Pongphat Sittisart and Mohammed M. Farid
ix
x Contents
9 Flame Retardant Finishing for Textiles ......................... 209
G. Rosace, V. Migani, E. Guido and C. Colleoni
10 Flame Retardant of Cellulosic Materials and Their Composites .... 247
Amina L. Mohamed and Ahmed G. Hassabo
