Fjord Systems and Archives : Special Publication 344

381 Pages·2011·12.21 MB·English

by  J. A. Howe

Fjord Systems and Archives
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GEOLOGICALSOCIETYSPECIALPUBLICATIONNO.344
Fjord Systems and Archives
EDITEDBY
J. A. HOWE
ScottishAssociationforMarineScience,
ScottishMarineInstitute,UK
W. E. N. AUSTIN
UniversityofSt.Andrews,UK
M. FORWICK
UniversityofTromsø,Norway
and
M. PAETZEL
Sogn&FjordaneUniversityCollege,Norway
2010
Publishedby
TheGeologicalSociety
London
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Dedication to Harald Svendsen
HaraldSvendsen(1936–2009).
Inhis73rdyear, ProfessorHaraldSvendsensadly fjords. By his attitude he gained a broad network
passedawayonNovember30th2009.Haraldwas of collaborators who will all greatly miss him,
a pioneer in investigating the Arctic fjords of bothasascientistandasafriend.
Svalbard. He used his extensive knowledge
V.Tverberg
of mainland Norwegian fjords, to investigate
P.M.Haugan
the importance of rotational dynamics in broad
T.Gammelsrod
fjords.Healsosawveryclearlytheimportanceof
multi-disciplinaryresearch to understandthe links GeophysicalInstitute,UniversityofBergen,
between the geology, physics and biology of Norway
Contents
TVERBERG,V.,HAUGAN,P.M.&GAMMELSROD,T.DedicationtoHaraldSvendsen vii
AUSTIN,W.E.N.,HOWE,J.A.,FORWICK,M.&PAETZEL,M.Fjordsystemsandarchives:an 1
introduction
HOWE,J.A.,AUSTIN,W.E.N.,FORWICK,M.,PAETZEL,M.,HARLAND,R.&CAGE,A.G.Fjordsystems 5
andarchives:areview
Physics
INALL,M.E.&GILLIBRAND,P.A.Thephysicsofmid-latitudefjords:areview 17
COTTIER,F.R.,NILSEN,F.,SKOGSETH,R.,TVERBERG,V.,SKARÐHAMAR,J.&SVENDSEN,H.Arctic 35
fjords:areviewoftheoceanographicenvironmentanddominantphysicalprocesses
SKARÐHAMAR,J.&SVENDSEN,H.Short-termhydrographicvariabilityinastratifiedArcticfjord 51
Biology
HOWE,J.A.,HARLAND,R.,COTTIER,F.R.,BRAND,T.,WILLIS,K.J.,BERGE,J.R.,GRØSFJELD,K.& 61
ERIKSSON,A.DinoflagellatecystsasproxiesforpalaeoceanographicconditionsinArcticfjords
HARLAND,R.,NORDBERG,K.&FILIPSSON,H.L.Amajorchangeinthedinoflagellatecystfloraof 75
GullmarFjord,Sweden,ataround1969/1970anditspossibleexplanation
AUSTIN,W.E.N.&CAGE,A.G.HighbenthicforaminiferalspeciescountsinaClydeSeamaerlbed, 83
westernScotland
Modernsedimentprocesses
TRUSEL,L.D.,POWELL,R.D.,CUMPSTON,R.M.&BRIGHAM-GRETTE,J.Modernglacimarine 89
processesandpotentialfuturebehaviourofKronebreenandKongsvegenpolythermaltidewater
glaciers,Kongsfjorden,Svalbard
LOH,P.S.,REEVES,A.D.,MILLER,A.E.J.,HARVEY,S.M.&OVERNELL,J.Sedimentfluxesand 103
carbonbudgetsinLochCreran,westernScotland
Sedimentsanddepositionalarchitecture
OVEREEM,I.&SYVITSKI,J.P.M.Experimentalexplorationofthestratigraphyoffjordsfed 125
byglaciofluvialsystems
DALLIMORE,A.&JMIEFF,D.G.CanadianwestcoastfjordsandinletsoftheNEPacificOcean 143
asdepositionalarchives
FORWICK,M.,VORREN,T.O.,HALD,M.,KORSUN,S.,ROH,Y.,VOGT,C.&YOO,K.-C.Spatial 163
andtemporalinfluenceofglaciersandriversonthesedimentaryenvironmentinSassenfjorden
andTempelfjorden,Spitsbergen
MACLACHLAN,S.E.,HOWE,J.A.&VARDY,M.E.Morphodynamicevolutionof 195
Kongsfjorden–Krossfjorden,Svalbard,duringtheLateWeichselianandHolocene
vi CONTENTS
BAETEN,N.J.,FORWICK,M.,VOGT,C.&VORREN,T.O.LateWeichselianandHolocenesedimentary 207
environmentsandglacialactivityinBillefjorden,Svalbard
STOKER,M.S.,WILSON,C.R.,HOWE,J.A.,BRADWELL,T.&LONG,D.Paraglacialslopeinstabilityin 225
Scottishfjords:examplesfromLittleLochBroom,NWScotland
Depositionalarchivesandpalaeoenvironments
HASS,H.C.,KUHN,G.,MONIEN,P.,BRUMSACK,H.-J.&FORWICK,M.Climatefluctuationsduring 243
thepasttwomillenniaasrecordedinsedimentsfromMaxwellBay,SouthShetlandIslands,
WestAntarctica
FILIPSSON,H.L.&NORDBERG,K.Variationsinorganiccarbonfluxandstagnationperiodsduring 261
thelast2400yearsinaSkagerrakfjordbasin,inferredfrombenthicforaminiferald13C
PAETZEL,M.&DALE,T.ClimateproxiesforrecentfjordsedimentsintheinnerSognefjordregion, 271
westernNorway
SKIRBEKK,K.,KRISTENSEN,D.K.,RASMUSSEN,T.L.,KOC(cid:2),N.&FORWICK,M.Holoceneclimate 289
variationsattheentrancetoawarmArcticfjord:evidencefromKongsfjordentrough,Svalbard
MCINTYRE,K.L.&HOWE,J.A.Scottishwestcoastfjordssincethelastglaciation:areview 305
CUNDILL,P.R.&AUSTIN,W.E.N.PollenanalysisofHolocenesedimentsfromLochEtive, 331
aScottishfjord
MOKEDDEM,Z.,BALTZER,A.,GOUBERT,E.&CLET-PELLERIN,M.Amultiproxypalaeoenvironmental 341
reconstructionofLochSunart(NWScotland)sincetheLastGlacialMaximum
BALTZER,A.,BATES,R.,MOKEDDEM,Z.,CLET-PELLERIN,M.,WALTER-SIMONNET,A.-V., 355
BONNOT-COURTOIS,C.&AUSTIN,W.E.N.Usingseismicfaciesandpollenanalysestoevaluate
climaticallydrivenchangeinaScottishsealoch(fjord)overthelast20ka
Index 371
Fjord systems and archives: an introduction
WILLIAME.N.AUSTIN1*,JOHNA.HOWE2,MATTHIASFORWICK3&
MATTHIASPAETZEL4
1UniversityofStAndrews,UK
2ScottishAssociationforMarineScience,ScottishMarineInstitute,UK
3UniversityofTromsø,Norway
4Sogn&FjordaneUniversityCollege,Norway
*Correspondingauthor(e-mail:[email protected])
The current volume brings together a selection of theinvestigationofArcticfjordsanditisanhonour
papers which have variously, but not exclusively, todedicatethisvolumetohismemory.Anoverview
beenpresentedinrecentyearsatoneofthreeinter- by Howe et al., highlighting some of the key fea-
nationalmeetingsonthethemeofFjords.Thefirst turesofthefjordsystemfrommodernprocessesto
of these meetings on ‘Fjord Environments: Past, palaeo-records,providesanaccessibleintroduction
PresentandFuture’washeldasaworkshopfollow- tothetopic.Aspectsofthemajorphysical,chemical
ing the Challenger Society Conference hosted by and biological processes within fjord systems are
TheScottishAssociationforMarineScience,Scot- highlighted. The volume is subsequently divided
tishMarineInstitute,Oban,UKinJune2006.The into five main themes, comprising (a) physics and
second meeting was convened as a formal session physical oceanography; (b) biology and biological
(CGC-13) entitled ‘Fjords: Climate and Environ- indicators; (c) sediment dynamics and processes;
mentalChange’duringthe33rdInternationalGeo- (d) sediments and depositional architecture; and
logical Congress, Oslo, Norway in August 2008. (e)depositionalarchivesandpalaeoenvironments.
The third of these meetings, representing the 2nd The paper by Inall & Gillibrand provides a
international workshop on the theme ‘Fjord useful, non-mathematical review of the dominant
Environments:Past,PresentandFuture’washeld physical processes of mid-latitude fjords; this is
attheUniversityofBergen,NorwayinMay2009. likely to prove useful to non-physical oceanogra-
Theaimsofthesemeetingsweretobringtogether phers who may wish to gain an insight into some
physical oceanographers, biogeochemists, biol- ofthekeyfluiddynamicalprocesses.Itisfollowed
ogists and earth scientists who could contribute to byareviewofArcticfjordsbyCottieretal.,who
an improved understanding of fjord systems, both highlight the role of fjords as ‘critical gateways’
intermsofmodernprocessesandaspalaeoenviron- by which glaciers are influenced by ocean con-
mentalarchives. ditions; the latter is a subject of increasing sig-
Thispublicationconsistsof23papersandaglos- nificance at a time of rising global sea surface
sary,dealingwithvariousaspectsoffjordsystems temperatures.Theseauthorsshowhowfjordsalinity
and their associated archives. Three of the papers plays a critical role in controlling exchange pro-
focusonthephysicsoffjordhydrographyandcir- cesses between the fjord and coastal ocean. The
culation; three address aspects of fjord biology; thirdpaperonthephysicsoffjordsbySkarðhamar
two concern modern sediment processes; six con- & Svendsen considers short-term variability from
sider fjord sediments and their depositional archi- the wide semi-enclosed Van Mijenfjorden on
tecture; and eight highlight fjords as depositional Svalbard.TheinfluenceoftheCorioliseffectupon
archives and their palaeoenvironmental signifi- circulation and the development of cross-fjord
cance. The current volume therefore represents a gradientsisillustrated.
significant contribution of both original research Threeshortpapersaddressaspectsofbiological
and reviews which we hope provides a timely proxies as palaeoenvironmental indicators within
updatetothemostrecentpublicationsinthisfield, fjords.Howeetal.reviewthepotentialofdinofla-
namely Fjords: Processes and Products (Syvitski gellate cysts collected from sediment traps within
et al. 1987) and Fjord Oceanography (Freeland Arctic (Svalbardarchipelago)fjordsasproxiesfor
etal.1979). palaeoceanographic conditions, highlighting the
ThevolumebeginswithadedicationtoHarald significanceofseasonalandinter-annualdifferences
Svendsen,whosadlypassedawayon30thNovem- in cyst production. Continuing the theme of dino-
ber2009.Haraldmadeasignificantcontributionto flagellate cysts as palaeoceanographic proxies,
From:Howe,J.A.,Austin,W.E.N.,Forwick,M.&Paetzel,M.(eds)FjordSystemsandArchives.
GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,344,1–3.
DOI:10.1144/SP344.1 0305-8719/10/$15.00#TheGeologicalSocietyofLondon2010.