Fisheries Acoustics

341 Pages·1992·21.21 MB·English

by  David N. MacLennan

Fisheries Acoustics
Fisheries Acoustics
David N. MacLennan
Deputy Director
Marine Laboratory
Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department
Aberdeen, Scotland
E. John Simmonds
Head of Sonar Section
Marine Laboratory
Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department
Aberdeen, Scotland
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edltion 1992
© 1992 David N. MaclA!nnan and E. John Simmonds
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1992
So:ftcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1992
Typset In 10/12 Pbotina by Interprint Ltd., Malta
ISBN 978-90-481-4004-6 O 422 31472 8 (USA)
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A catalogue record for thls boolt ls available from the Brltish Llbrary.
Ilbrary of Congress Cataloglng-in-Publication data
MaclA!nnan, D.N.
Fisheries acoustlcs 1 David N. Maci.ennan. E. John Simmonds.
p. cm.
Includea bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 978-90-481-4004-6 ISBN 978-94-017-1558-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1558-4
1. Pish detection. 1. Simmonds, E. John, 1952- . U. Title.
SH344.2.M33 1991
639.2-dc20 91-24132
CIP
To Sheila and Chris
Contents
Colour plate section appears between pages 17 6 and 177
Acknowledgements xi
Series foreword xiii
Preface
XV
1 Introduction 1
1.1 A brief history 2
1.2 Synopsis 4
2 Underwater sound 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Sound waves 9
2.3 Transducers and beams 13
2.4 Acoustic propagation 20
2.5 Acoustic scattering 29
2.6 Echo detection 39
2. 7 The operating frequency 41
Appendix A Calculation of the absorption coefficient 42
Appendix B Calculation of the sound speed 43
3 Acoustic instruments 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Echosounders 46
3.3 Measurement of target strength 54
3.4 Sonars 59
3.5 Wide-band systems 66
3.6 Pingers and transponders 67
3.7 Calibration 68
viii Contents
4 Biological acoustics 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Biological sounds and hearing 91
4.3 Underwater explosions 104
4.4 Swimbladder resonance 113
4.5 Plankton acoustics 118
5 Observation and measurement of fish 124
5.1 Introduction 124
5.2 Simple observation methods 127
5.3 Echo counting 137
5.4 Echo integration 147
Appendix C The true size distribution of schools 159
Appendix D Calculation of the TVG error 162
6 Target strength 164
6.1 Introduction 164
6.2 Target strength measurement techniques 165
6.3 Experimental results 176
6.4 Discussion 186
6. 5 Collected target strength data for survey applications 19 5
7 Practical acoustic surveying 201
7.1 Introduction 201
7.2 Equipment for acoustic surveys 203
7.3 Performance tests 211
7.4 Survey design 215
7.5 Adaptive surveying 227
8 Data analysis 233
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 Species composition 237
8.3 Echo-integrator conversion factor 243
8.4 Abundance estimation 254
8. 5 Precision of the abundance estimate 263
8.6 Sources of systematic error 270
8. 7 Accuracy of the abundance estimate 280
Appendix E The Kolmogorov-Smimov test 285
Appendix F Power transformations 286
Contents ix
References 291
Species index 310
Author index 312
Subject index 317
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank all the authors, editors and colleagues who willingly gave
us permission to redraw or reproduce published material, Tony Pitcher for
his advice and support at all stages from conception to completion of this
book, Sinclair Forbes for many hours of helpful discussion and advice on a
wide range of topics, Chuck Hollingworth for his painstaking and construc
tive editing, and Anne-Marie Meconi who word-processed the manuscript
through many drafts with skill and patience. We are especially grateful to
the following colleagues who read parts of the· text and provided helpful
criticisms: Rob Fryer (Chapters 7 and 8); Dave Reid (Chapters 2, 3, 5 and
6); Tim Stanton (Chapter 5); Jim Traynor (Chapter 6); Clem Wardle (Chapter
4). We have taken account of most (but not all) of the comments received,
and the responsibility for any errors or omissions that remain is ours alone.
Series foreword
Among the fishes, a remarkably wide range of biological adaptations to
diverse habitats has evolved. As well as living in the conventional habitats
of lakes, ponds, rivers, rock pools and the open sea, fish have solved the
problems of life in deserts, in the deep sea, in the cold Antarctic, and in
warm waters of high alkalinity or of low oxygen. Along with these
adaptations, we find the most impressive specializations of morphology,
physiology and behaviour. For example we can marvel at the high-speed
swimming of the marlins. sailfish and warm-blooded tunas, air-breathing in
catfish and lungfish, parental care in the mouth-brooding cichlids and
viviparity in many sharks and toothcarps.
Moreover, fish are of considerable importance to the survival of the
human species in the form of nutritious and delicious food of numerous
kinds. Rational exploitation and management of our global stocks of fishes
must rely upon a detailed and precise insight of their biology.
The Chapman and Hall Fish and Fisheries Series aims to present timely
volumes reviewing important aspects of fish biology. Most volumes will be of
interest to research workers in biology, zoology, ecology and physiology, but
an additional aim is for the books to be accessible to a wide spectrum of non
specialist readers ranging from undergraduates and postgraduates to those
with an interest in industrial and commercial aspects of fish and fisheries.
This volume, the fifth in the Fish and Fisheries Series, reviews fisheries
acoustics, an area which has been overdue for a thorough coverage. At last
the mysteries of this arcane art are laid bare by two workers with
international reputations from the famous Marine Laboratory at Aberdeen,
Scotland. The book reviews the fundamental principles and the practical
techniques by which acoustic echoes are transformed into measurements of
fish stock biomass, introduces various types of acoustic instruments used by
commercial fishermen and research scientists, and surveys the biological
basis of sound production and reception underwater, including the effects
and possible mitigation of underwater explosions.