Fischenich and Allen

298 Pages·2000·9.41 MB·English

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Water Operations Technical Support Program
Stream Management
J. Craig Fischenich and Hollis Allen March 2000
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Thecontentsofthisreportarenottobeusedforadvertising,
publication,orpromotionalpurposes.Citationoftradenames
doesnotconstituteanofficialendorsementorapprovaloftheuse
ofsuchcommercialproducts.
The findings of this report are not to be construed as an
official Department of the Army position, unless so desig-
nated by other authorized documents.
PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
Water Operations Technical ERDC/EL SR-W-00-1
Support Program March 2000
Stream Management
by J. Craig Fischenich, Hollis Allen
Environmental Laboratory
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
Final report
Approvedforpublicrelease;distributionisunlimited
Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Ft. Worth
Ft. Worth, TX 76102-0300
Engineer Research and Development CenterCataloging-in-PublicationData
Fischenich, J. Craig.
Streammanagement /byJ.Craig Fischenich, HollisAllen; prepared for U.S.ArmyEngineer District,
Ft.Worth.
295 p. :ill.;28 cm.— (ERDC/EL;SR-W-00-1)
Includesbibliographic references.
1.Riverengineering—Handbooks,manuals, etc. 2. Soilconservation —Handbooks,manuals,etc.
3. Stream ecology— Handbooks,manuals,etc. 4. Streamconservation —Handbooks,manuals, etc.
I.Allen, HollisH. II.United States.Army.CorpsofEngineers. FortWorth District. III.Engineer Research
andDevelopment Center(U.S.) IV.EnvironmentalLaboratory(U.S.) V.Water OperationsTechnical
SupportProgram (U.S.)VI.Title. VII.Series: ERDC/ELSR-W; 00-1.
TA7E8no.ERDC/ELSR-W-00-1
Contents
Preface ....................................................... xiii
About the Authors ............................................... xv
Conversion Factors, Non-SI to SI Units of Measurement ................ xvi
1—Introduction ................................................ 1-1
Background ................................................. 1-1
Stream Systems .............................................. 1-1
Stream Dynamics ............................................ 1-2
Anthropogenic Impacts ........................................ 1-2
Restoration and Management ................................... 1-3
Soil Bioengineering .......................................... 1-3
Purpose and Scope ........................................... 1-4
Document Outline ............................................ 1-4
Monitoring and Maintenance ................................... 1-5
2—Stream Form and Fluvial Processes .............................. 2-1
Chapter Overview ............................................ 2-1
Stream Form ................................................ 2-1
Channel morphology ....................................... 2-1
Planform and grade ........................................ 2-2
Channel regime ........................................... 2-3
Hydraulic geometry ........................................ 2-5
Bed and bank characteristics ................................. 2-8
Fluvial Processes ............................................ 2-9
Flow characterization ...................................... 2-9
Velocity ................................................ 2-10
Resistance .............................................. 2-11
Qualitative response of stream systems ........................ 2-16
Stability and Sediment Transport ............................... 2-20
Shear stress distribution .................................... 2-21
Incipient motion.......................................... 2-22
Sediment continuity ....................................... 2-24
Classification of transport .................................. 2-25
Streambank Failure Mechanisms ............................... 2-26
Hydraulic erosion ........................................ 2-26
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Geotechnical failure ...................................... 2-27
Weakening actions ....................................... 2-32
Combined causes ......................................... 2-34
Streambank Zones .......................................... 2-35
3—Ecological Functions of Streams ................................ 3-1
Chapter Overview ............................................ 3-1
Stream Form and Function ..................................... 3-1
Structural characteristics .................................... 3-2
Functional characteristics ................................... 3-3
Ecological relations ........................................ 3-4
Ecological Characterization .................................... 3-9
Diversity ................................................ 3-9
Measures of diversity ..................................... 3-10
Instream habitat .......................................... 3-10
Flow condition ........................................... 3-10
Cover .................................................. 3-12
Substrate ............................................... 3-12
Primary productivity and organic material ..................... 3-13
Riparian and floodplain habitat .............................. 3-13
Water quality ............................................ 3-15
Water temperature ........................................ 3-15
Dissolved oxygen ........................................ 3-15
pH .................................................... 3-15
Riparian considerations .................................... 3-17
Nutrient dynamics ........................................ 3-17
Flora and fauna .......................................... 3-17
The roles of vegetation .................................... 3-19
Soils ................................................... 3-20
Land use ............................................... 3-22
Succession ................................................ 3-23
Bio- and Habitat Assessments ................................. 3-25
Preliminary watershed assessments .......................... 3-25
Basic site characterization .................................. 3-26
Habitat analysis .......................................... 3-27
Identify nature of impairment ............................... 3-27
Establishing a standard of comparison ........................ 3-28
Opportunities for restoration ................................ 3-28
Data collection ........................................... 3-29
Physical data sheet description .............................. 3-29
Environmental assessment ................................. 3-34
Field operational rules ..................................... 3-36
Data considerations ....................................... 3-36
Species requirement analyses ............................... 3-37
Habitat evluation procedures ................................ 3-37
Physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM) ...................... 3-39
Riverine Community Habitat Assessment and Restoration
Concept (RCHARC) ...................................... 3-40
iv
4—Analyzing Streambank Erosion ................................. 4-1
Problem Identification ........................................ 4-1
Physical, chemical, biological, and sociological relations .......... 4-1
Symptoms and causes ...................................... 4-2
Step 1 - Scope and purpose .................................. 4-2
Step 2 - Summary sheet ..................................... 4-2
Step 3 - Site map .......................................... 4-3
Step 4 - Bank survey ....................................... 4-3
Step 5 - Bank problems ..................................... 4-3
Step 6 - Bank toe condition .................................. 4-3
Step 7 - Bank map and profiles ............................... 4-4
Data Requirements ........................................... 4-4
Data needs ............................................... 4-4
Existing data ............................................. 4-4
Field Equipment ............................................. 4-6
Data Collection Techniques .................................... 4-6
Reach selection ........................................... 4-6
Channel cross section and profile ............................. 4-7
Velocity & streamflow measurement .......................... 4-8
Measuring stage ........................................... 4-9
Measuring discharge ...................................... 4-10
Aerial photography ....................................... 4-11
Geologic studies ......................................... 4-12
Wetland soils ............................................ 4-13
Bank recession rates ...................................... 4-14
Sedimentation ........................................... 4-14
Groundwater ............................................ 4-15
Riparian plant community inventory .......................... 4-15
Surveys and mapping ..................................... 4-16
Hydrology and Hydraulics .................................... 4-16
Runoff ................................................. 4-17
Limitations .............................................. 4-18
Flow frequency .......................................... 4-19
Hydrographs and flow duration curves ........................ 4-19
Constructing a specific gage ................................ 4-22
Flow routing ............................................ 4-23
Hydraulic assessments ..................................... 4-24
Sedimentation .............................................. 4-25
Bed material particle size distribution ......................... 4-25
Bed stability ............................................. 4-26
Sediment discharge functions ............................... 4-28
Slope Stability .............................................. 4-29
Qualitative assessment of bank stability ....................... 4-29
Shear strength analyses .................................... 4-30
Predictions of bank stability ................................ 4-30
Habitat Quantification ....................................... 4-31
Inventorying to establish baseline information .................. 4-32
Quantifying Habitat Quality ................................... 4-32
Habitat value ............................................ 4-32
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Water Quality .............................................. 4-33
Significant parameters ..................................... 4-33
Collecting and presenting data .............................. 4-33
5—Soil BioEngineering .......................................... 5-1
Chapter Overview ............................................ 5-1
System Elements ............................................. 5-1
Conventional Erosion Control Techniques ......................... 5-2
Armoring techniques ....................................... 5-4
Flow deflection techniques .................................. 5-8
Energy reduction methods .................................. 5-10
Slope stabilization methods ................................. 5-12
Techniques that address bank weakening ...................... 5-13
Soil Bioengineering Techniques ................................ 5-14
Toe zone ............................................... 5-14
Splash zone ............................................. 5-27
Bank zone .............................................. 5-46
Terrace zone ............................................ 5-51
Limitations/Cautions ........................................ 5-52
Buffer Strips and Setbacks .................................... 5-53
Existing Buffer Zone Guideline ................................ 5-54
General Design ............................................. 5-55
Adjustments ............................................... 5-56
6—Planning and Alternative Selection .............................. 6-1
The Planning Process ......................................... 6-1
Nonrestoration Alternative Considerations ........................ 6-3
Stormwater ponds ......................................... 6-4
Infiltration (exfiltration) devices .............................. 6-6
Oil and grease trap devices .................................. 6-8
Sand filters .............................................. 6-10
Other best management practices (BMPs) ..................... 6-12
Streambank Restoration and Stabilization ........................ 6-13
Effectiveness ............................................ 6-13
Matching the solution to the problem ......................... 6-14
Suitability to site conditions ................................ 6-15
Durability ............................................... 6-17
Safety .................................................. 6-18
Cost ................................................... 6-18
Capital versus project cost .................................. 6-20
Man-hour costs of bioengineering treatments ................... 6-20
Brush mattress or matting .................................. 6-21
Brush layering ........................................... 6-22
Wattling bundles (fascines) and cuttings ....................... 6-22
Dormant willow post method ............................... 6-22
Vegetative geogrid ....................................... 6-22
Standard seeding ......................................... 6-23
Hydroseeding ............................................ 6-23
Hydromulching .......................................... 6-23
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Sprigs, rootstocks or plugs, rhizomes, and tubers ................ 6-23
Bare-root tree or shrub seedlings ............................ 6-23
Ball and burlap trees or shrubs .............................. 6-23
Containerized plantings .................................... 6-24
Available resources ....................................... 6-24
Feasibility of incremental construction ........................ 6-25
Practicality .............................................. 6-25
Material availability ...................................... 6-25
Constructability .......................................... 6-25
Evaluating Alternative Performance ............................ 6-26
Impact identification methods ............................... 6-26
Methods for prediction .................................... 6-27
Methods for interpretation .................................. 6-27
Permit Requirements ........................................ 6-28
Other Planning Considerations ................................. 6-29
Early Planning for Plant Material Acquisition ..................... 6-29
Native Plant Material Collection ............................... 6-30
7—Design .................................................... 7-1
Chapter Overview ............................................ 7-1
General Design Considerations ................................. 7-1
Alternate approaches ....................................... 7-2
Reference reaches ......................................... 7-6
Materials ................................................ 7-7
Construction techniques .................................... 7-7
Modifying the preferred alternative ........................... 7-8
Bank Stabilization Design Criteria ............................... 7-9
Excavation and fill ......................................... 7-9
Armor stone sizing and design ............................... 7-9
Scour protection ......................................... 7-11
Design considerations ..................................... 7-15
Erosion control materials ................................... 7-16
Coir geotextile rolls ....................................... 7-17
Flow deflection structures .................................. 7-19
Boulder clusters .......................................... 7-23
Plant Materials ............................................. 7-27
Purchasing plants ......................................... 7-28
Collecting plants from the wild .............................. 7-28
Growing plants .......................................... 7-29
Handling of Plant Materials ................................... 7-29
Woody plants ............................................ 7-29
Herbaceous plants ........................................ 7-37
Irrigation Systems ........................................... 7-39
Irrigation options ......................................... 7-39
Planning ................................................ 7-40
Design ................................................. 7-41
Construction ............................................ 7-44
Operation and Maintenance ................................... 7-45
Appendix A: Stream Restoration Glossary ........................... A-1
vii
Appendix B: Reach Assessment - Physical .......................... B-1
SF 298
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. Different slopes used to characterize channel grade. ....... 2-2
Figure 2.2. Channel cross section definition. ....................... 2-2
Figure 2.3. Channel planform definition. ......................... 2-3
Figure 2.4. Dominant discharge, Q , is a single value assumed
d
to represent varying flows. ........................... 2-4
Figure 2.5. Cross section variation in a meandering stream. ........... 2-6
Figure 2.6. Variables affecting channel form ..................... 2-17
Figure 2.7. Stages of channel incision ........................... 2-19
Figure 2.8. Graphical depiction of Lane’s relation ................. 2-20
Figure 2.9. Forces acting on a boulder or a submerged particle ....... 2-22
Figure 2.10. Failure mechanisms ................................ 2-29
Figure 2.11. Bank zones for upper Missouri River. ................. 2-39
Figure 3.1. Ecosystem relations ................................. 3-1
Figure 4.1. Cross section locations .............................. 4-7
Figure 4.2. Measuring velocity and bedload sediments ............... 4-9
Figure 4.3. Flow frequency curve .............................. 4-20
Figure 4.4. Flow duration curve ................................ 4-21
Figure 4.5. Example specific gage .............................. 4-23
Figure 4.6. Sediment gradation curve ........................... 4-26
Figure 5.1. Erosion problems related to human activity .............. 5-2
Figure 5.2. Cribs serving as deflection structures ................... 5-3
Figure 5.3. Rock riprap ....................................... 5-3
Figure 5.4. Stone toe section ................................... 5-5
Figure 5.5. Gabion structure ................................... 5-6
Figure 5.6. Stone spur ....................................... 5-15
Figure 5.7. Rock toe ......................................... 5-16
Figure 5.8. Rock toe with hay bale cylinders ..................... 5-16
Figure 5.9. Close-up of wrapped hay bales ....................... 5-17
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